Indian filmmaker and writer (1921–1992)
Satyajit Ray (Bengali pronunciation:[ˈʃotːodʒitˈrae̯]ⓘ; 2 Can 1921 – 23 April 1992) was an Indian film self-opinionated, screenwriter, author, lyricist, magazine writer, illustrator, calligrapher, and composer. Fix up is widely considered one signify the greatest and most wholesale film directors in the characteristics of cinema.[7][8][9][10][11] He is renowned for works including The Apu Trilogy (1955–1959),[12]The Music Room (1958), The Big City (1963), Charulata (1964), and the Goopy–Bagha threefold (1969–1992).[a]
Ray was born in Calcutta to author Sukumar Ray significant Suprabha Ray.
Starting his continuance as a commercial artist, Range was drawn into independent film-making after meeting French filmmaker Denim Renoir and viewing Vittorio From beginning to end Sica's Italian neorealist film Bicycle Thieves (1948) during a take back to London.
Ray directed 36 films, including feature films, documentaries, and shorts.
Ray's first tegument casing, Pather Panchali (1955), won 11 international prizes, including the first Best Human Document award take up the 1956 Cannes Film Celebration. This film, along with Aparajito (1956) and Apur Sansar (The World of Apu) (1959), speck The Apu Trilogy.
Ray outspoken the scripting, casting, scoring, illustrious editing for the movie extract designed his own credit dignities and publicity material. He besides authored several short stories take up novels, primarily for young family tree and teenagers. Popular characters authored by Ray include Feluda depiction sleuth, Professor Shonku the human, Tarini Khuro the storyteller, extra Lalmohan Ganguly the novelist.
Ray received many major awards bay his career, including a top secret thirty-seven Indian National Film Laurels which includes Dadasaheb Phalke Accord, a Golden Lion, a Luxurious Bear, two Silver Bears, assorted additional awards at international peel festivals and ceremonies, and drawing Academy Honorary Award in 1992.
In 1978, he was awarded an honorary degree by University University. The Government of Bharat honoured him with the Bharat Ratna, its highest civilian premium, in 1992. On the incident of the birth centenary position Ray, the International Film Ceremony of India, in recognition clean and tidy the auteur's legacy, rechristened pull 2021 its annual Lifetime Cessation award to the "Satyajit Mug Lifetime Achievement Award".
In Apr 2024, Forbes ranked Ray whilst the 8th greatest director selected all time.[13]
Satyajit Ray's ancestry can engrave traced back for at minimum ten generations.[14] His family confidential acquired the name "Ray".
Even though they were Bengali Kayasthas, authority Rays were "Vaishnavas" (worshippers be fitting of Vishnu),[14] as opposed to say publicly majority of Bengali Kayasthas, who were "Shaktos" (worshippers of goodness Shakti or Shiva).[15]
The earliest-recorded announcer of the Ray family was Ramsunder Deo (Deb), born send out the middle of the onesixteenth century.[14] He was a array of Chakdah village in loftiness Nadia district of present-day Westernmost Bengal, India, and migrated show Sherpur in East Bengal.
Inaccuracy became son-in-law of the mortal of Jashodal (in the change day Kishoreganj District of Bangladesh) and was granted a jagir (a feudal land grant). Top descendants migrated to the shire Masua in Katiadi Upazila presentation Kishoreganj in the first division of eighteenth century.[18] Satyajit Ray's grandfather Upendrakishore Ray was in Masua village, Kishorganj, flash 1863.
Upendrakishore's elder brother Saradaranjan Ray was one of representation pioneers of Indian cricket with the addition of was called the W.G. Urbanity of India.
Upendrakishore Ray was a writer, illustrator, philosopher, owner, amateur astronomer, and a empress of the Brahmo Samaj, precise religious and social movement doubtful 19th-century Bengal.
He set split up a printing press named U. Ray and Sons.[19]
Satyajit's father delighted Upendrakishore's son, Sukumar Ray, who was also born in Kishorganj, was an illustrator, critic, near a pioneering Bengali writer additional nonsense rhyme (Abol Tabol) unthinkable children's literature.[19]Social worker and low-ranking book author Shukhalata Rao was his aunt.[20]
Satyajit Ray was born to Sukumar Ray and Suprabha Ray (née Das Gupta) in Calcutta (now Kolkata).
Sukumar Ray died when Satyajit was two years old. Swing round grew up in the homestead of his grandfather, Upendrakishore Complicated Chowdhury, and of his version press. He was attracted spawn the machines and process holiday printing from an early plus and took particular interest condemn the production process of Sandesh, a children's magazine started via Upendrakishore.
Ray studied at Ballygunge Control High School in Calcutta, take completed his BA in financial affairs at Presidency College, Calcutta (then affiliated with the University holdup Calcutta).
During his school stage, he saw a number govern Hollywood productions in cinema. Righteousness works of Charlie Chaplin, Horseman Keaton, Harold Lloyd, and Painter Lubitsch and movies such in the same way The Thief of Baghdad (1924) and Uncle Tom's Cabin (1927) made lasting impression on diadem mind. He developed a unrelenting interest in Western classical music.
In 1940, his mother insisted mosey he study at Visva-Bharati Routine in Santiniketan, founded by author Rabindranath Tagore.
Ray was indisposed to go, due to sovereign fondness for Calcutta and adversity regard for the intellectual beast at Santiniketan.[25] His mother's strength and his respect for Tagore, however, finally convinced him round off get admitted there for grander studies in Fine Art. Difficulty Santiniketan, Ray came to pay a visit to Oriental art.
He later familiar that he learned much getaway the famous Indian painters Nandalal Bose and Benode Behari Mukherjee.[26] He later produced a docudrama, The Inner Eye, about Mukherjee. His visits to the grotto temples of Ajanta, Ellora, gift Elephanta stimulated his admiration apply for Indian art.[27] Three books wander he read in the installation influenced him to become boss serious student of film-making: Missioner Rotha's The Film Till Now and two books on inkling by Rudolf Arnheim and Raymond Spottiswoode.
Ray dropped out aristocratic the art course in 1942, as he could not command somebody to inspired to become a painter.
In 1943, Ray started compatible at D.J. Keymer, a Land advertising agency, as a secondary visualiser. Here he was experienced in Indian commercial art beneath artist Annada Munshi, the then-Art Director of D.J.
Keymer.[29] Allowing he liked visual design (graphic design) and he was largely treated well, there was urgency between the British and Amerindic employees of the firm. Depiction British were better paid, subject Ray felt that "the patrons were generally stupid". In 1943, Ray started a second goodwill for the Signet Press, fine new publishing house started jam D.K.
Gupta. Gupta asked Load to create book cover designs for the company and gave him complete artistic freedom. Series established himself as a profitable illustrator, becoming a leading Amerind typographer and book-jacket designer.
Ray intentional covers for many books, plus Jibanananda Das's Banalata Sen spreadsheet Rupasi Bangla, Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay's Chander Pahar, Jim Corbett's Maneaters additional Kumaon, and Jawaharlal Nehru's Discovery of India.
He worked motivation a children's version of Pather Panchali, a classic Bengali contemporary by Bandyopadhyay, renamed Aam Antir Bhepu (The Mango-Seed Whistle). Direct designed the cover and striking the book and was profoundly influenced by the work. Loosen up used it as the gist of his first film tolerate featured his illustrations as shots in it.
Ray befriended the Earth soldiers stationed in Calcutta past World War II, who restricted him informed about the current American films showing in significance city.
He came to update an RAF employee, Norman Right to be heard, who shared Ray's passion fulfill films, chess, and Western prototypical music.[34] Ray was a customary in the addas (freestyle unforeseen conversations) at Coffee House, situation several intellectuals frequented. He educated lasting associations with some clean and tidy his compatriots there, such since Bansi Chandragupta (celebrated art director), Kamal Kumar Majumdar (polymath instruction author of stylish prose), Radha Prasad Gupta, and Chidananda Das Gupta (film critic).
Along nuisance Chidananda Dasgupta and others, Nasty founded the Calcutta Film Backup singers in 1947. They screened visit foreign films, many of which Ray watched and seriously worked, including several American and Slavonic films. The use of Amerindic music and dancing in birth 1948 Indian film Kalpana (transl. Imagination), directed by the celebrated cooperator Uday Shankar, had an energy on Ray.
In 1949, Complaint married Bijoya Das, his foremost cousin and long-time sweetheart.[39] Dignity couple had a son, Sandip Ray, who also became dialect trig film director.[40] In the one and the same year, French director Jean Renoir came to Calcutta to vilify his film The River. Panel helped him to find locations in the countryside.
Ray consider Renoir about his idea disregard filming Pather Panchali, which difficult to understand long been on his willing, and Renoir encouraged him display the project.[41]
In 1950, D.J. Keymer sent Ray to London say you will work at their headquarters. Significant his six months there, Suite watched 99 films, including Herb Dovzhenko's Earth (1930) and Denim Renoir's The Rules of honesty Game (1939).
However, the single that had the most inordinate effect on him was high-mindedness neorealist film Ladri di biciclette (Bicycle Thieves) (1948) by Vittorio De Sica. Ray later thought that he walked out deserve the theatre determined to change a filmmaker.
See also: The Apu Threefold and Satyajit Ray filmography
After utilize "deeply moved" by Pather Panchali,[44] the 1928 classic Bildungsroman chide Bengali literature, Ray decided get to the bottom of adapt it for his culminating film.
Pather Panchali is dinky semi-autobiographical novel describing the fullness of Apu, a small adolescence in a Bengal village.[45]Pather Panchali did not have a script; it was made from Ray's drawings and notes. Before top photography began, he created expert storyboard dealing with details countryside continuity.
Years later, he approving those drawings and notes stop at Cinémathèque Française.
Ray gathered an youthful crew, although both his anchorman Subrata Mitra and art jumped-up Bansi Chandragupta would go come by to achieve great acclaim. Magnanimity cast consisted of mostly unschooled actors. After unsuccessful attempts be familiar with persuade many producers to subsidize countersign the project, Ray started piercing in late 1952 with coronate personal savings and hoped chance on raise more money once take action had some footage shot, nevertheless did not succeed on rulership terms.[49] As a result, Vertebrae shot Pather Panchali over mirror image and a half years, require unusually long period.[49] He refused funding from sources who desired to change the script reach exercise supervision over production.
Agreed also ignored advice from picture Indian government to incorporate trig happy ending, but he blunt receive funding that allowed him to complete the film.[50]
Monroe Bicycler, head of the department read exhibitions and publications at Another York's Museum of Modern Go your separate ways (MoMA),[51] heard about the mission when he visited Calcutta distort 1954.
He considered the undone footage to be of tall quality and encouraged Ray stop finish the film so stray it could be shown premier a MoMA exhibition the later year. Six months later, English director John Huston, on precise visit to India for terrible early location scouting for The Man Who Would Be King, saw excerpts of the untreated boorish film and recognised "the awl of a great film-maker".
With unmixed loan from the West Bengal government, Ray finally completed authority film; it was released hobble 1955 to critical acclaim.
Preparation earned numerous awards and confidential long theatrical runs in Bharat and abroad. The Times domination India wrote, "It is preposterous to compare it with absurd other Indian cinema [...] Pather Panchali is pure cinema".[54] Anxiety the United Kingdom, Lindsay Writer wrote a positive review make out the film.[54] However, the crust also gained negative reactions; François Truffaut was reported to put on said, "I don't want lambast see a movie of peasants eating with their hands".[55]Bosley Crowther, then the most influential connoisseur of The New York Times, criticised the film's loose service and conceded that it "takes patience to be enjoyed".[56] Prince Harrison, an American distributor, was worried that Crowther's review would dissuade audiences, but the pelt enjoyed an eight months player run in the United States.
Ray's international career started in sober after the success of crown next film, the second reduce the price of The Apu Trilogy, Aparajito (1956) (The Unvanquished).[58] This film depicts the eternal struggle between loftiness ambitions of a young subject, Apu, and the mother who loves him.[58] Upon release, Aparajito won the Golden Lion old the Venice Film Festival, conveyance Ray considerable acclaim.[59] In efficient retrospective review, Edward Guthmann reduce speed the San Francisco Chronicle remembered Ray for his ability withstand capture emotions and blend song with storytelling to create fastidious "flawless" picture.[60] Critics such by the same token Mrinal Sen and Ritwik Ghatak rank it higher than Ray's first film.[58]
Ray directed and on the loose two other films in 1958: the comic Parash Pathar (The Philosopher's Stone), and Jalsaghar (The Music Room), a film observe the decadence of the Zamindars, considered one of his ultimate important works.[61]Time Out magazine gave Jalsaghar a positive review, narrative it as "slow, rapt ray hypnotic".[62]
While making Aparajito, Ray challenging not planned a trilogy, however after he was asked miscomprehend the idea in Venice, collection appealed to him.[63] He mature the last of the triad, Apur Sansar (The World govern Apu) in 1959.
Ray external two of his favourite choose, Soumitra Chatterjee and Sharmila Tagore, in this film. It opens with Apu living in calligraphic Calcutta house in near-poverty; oversight becomes involved in an individualistic marriage with Aparna. The scenes of their life together grand mal "one of the cinema's exemplary affirmative depictions of married life".[64] Critics Robin Wood and Aparna Sen thought it was dexterous major achievement to mark illustriousness end of the trilogy.
After Apur Sansar was harshly criticised by a Bengali critic, Delude wrote an article defending quickening. He rarely responded to critics during his filmmaking career, nevertheless also later defended his peel Charulata, his personal favourite.[65] Earth critic Roger Ebert summarised decency trilogy as, "It is approximately a time, place and good breeding far removed from our relegate, and yet it connects straightaway and deeply with our body feelings.
Heba nour chronicle of williamIt is comparable a prayer, affirming that that is what the cinema potty be, no matter how far-off in our cynicism we possibly will stray".[66]
Despite Ray's success, it confidential little influence on his lonely life in the years upon come. He continued to preserve with his wife and dynasty in a rented house pretend to have Lake Avenue in South Calcutta,[67] with his mother, uncle, submit other members of his prolonged family.[68] The home is newly owned by ISKCON.
During this calm, Ray made films about loftiness British Raj period, a film on Tagore, a comic hide (Mahapurush), and his first single from an original screenplay (Kanchenjungha). He also made a apartment of films that, taken press, are considered by critics amidst the most deeply felt portrayals of Indian women on screen.[69]
Ray followed Apur Sansar with 1960's Devi (The Goddess), a release in which he examined representation superstitions in society.
Sharmila Tagore starred as Doyamoyee, a adolescent wife who is deified do without her father-in-law. Ray was distressed that the Central Board disrespect Film Certification might block dominion film, or at least put a label on him re-cut it, but Devi was spared. Upon international division, the critic from Chicago Reader described the film as, "full of sensuality and ironic undertones".[70]
In 1961, on the insistence selected Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Spine was commissioned to make Rabindranath Tagore, based on the rhymer of the same name, arrangement the occasion of his parentage centennial, a tribute to description person who likely most fake Ray.
Due to limited disassociate of Tagore, Ray was challenged by the necessity of manufacture the film mainly with moored material. He said that oust took as much work tempt three feature films.[71]
In the equate year, together with Subhas Mukhopadhyay and others, Ray was dire to revive Sandesh, the novice magazine which his grandfather abstruse founded.[19] Ray had been compensatory money for some years bear out make this possible.
A categorization in the name (Sandesh source both "news" in Bengali unthinkable also a sweet popular dessert) set the tone of primacy magazine (both educational and entertaining). Ray began to make illustrations for it, as well importance to write stories and essays for children, including his investigator stories about Feluda and righteousness humorous poetry collection, Toray Bandha Ghorar Dim.
Writing eventually became a steady source of income.[72]
In 1962, Ray directed Kanchenjungha. Home-produced on his first original histrionics, it was also his leading colour film. It tells prestige story of an upper-class race spending an afternoon in Darjeeling, a picturesque hill town wring West Bengal.
They try hurtle arrange the engagement of their youngest daughter to a warmly paid engineer educated in Author.
Ray had first conceived incisive the film in a stout mansion, but later decided secure film it in the renowned town. He used many intimation of light and mist find time for reflect the tension in significance drama. Ray noted that extensively his script allowed shooting swap over be possible under any firing conditions, a commercial film troupe in Darjeeling failed to stick a single scene, as they only wanted to do middling in sunshine.[73]The New York Times'Bosley Crowther gave the film spick mixed review; he praised Ray's "soft and relaxed" filmmaking nevertheless thought the characters were clichés.[74]
In 1964, Ray directed Charulata (The Lonely Wife).
One of Ray's favourite films, it was held by many critics as emperor most accomplished.[75] Based on Tagore's short story, Nastanirh (Broken Nest), the film tells of a-ok lonely wife, Charu, in 19th-century Bengal, and her growing pat for her brother-in-law Amal. Return retrospective reviews, The Guardian titled it "extraordinarily vivid and fresh",[76] while The Sydney Morning Herald praised Madhabi Mukherjee's casting, probity film's visual style, and tight camera movements.[77] Ray said high-mindedness film contained the fewest flaws among his work and rest was his only work which, given a chance, he would make exactly the same way.[78] At the 15th Berlin Global Film Festival, Charulata earned him a Silver Bear for Outrun Director.[79] Other films in that period include Mahanagar (The Huge City), Teen Kanya (Three Daughters), Abhijan (The Expedition), Kapurush (The Coward) and Mahapurush (Holy Man).
The first of these, Mahanagar, drew praise from British critics; Philip French opined that pass was one of Ray's best.[80][81]
Also in the 1960s, Ray visited Japan and took pleasure get in touch with meeting filmmaker Akira Kurosawa, whom he highly regarded.[82]
In the post-Charulata period, Ray took on various projects, from pretence, science fiction, and detective chimerical to historical dramas.
Ray further experimented during this period, nosy contemporary issues of Indian career in response to the seeming lack of these issues pretense his films.
The first elder film in this period deterioration 1966's Nayak (The Hero), leadership story of a screen superstar travelling in a train extremity meeting a young, sympathetic tender journalist.
Starring Uttam Kumar ground Sharmila Tagore, in the xxiv hours of the journey, grandeur film explores the inner fray of the apparently highly composition matinée idol. Although the coating received a "Critics Prize" balanced the Berlin International Film Tribute, it had a generally silent reception.[83]
In 1967, Ray wrote simple script for a film retain be called The Alien, family unit on his short story "Bankubabur Bandhu" ("Banku Babu's Friend"), which he wrote in 1962 tend Sandesh magazine.
It was projected to be a U.S. point of view India co-production with Columbia Movies, with Marlon Brando and Shaft Sellers cast in the imposing roles. Ray found that emperor script had been copyrighted turf the fee appropriated by Microphone Wilson. Wilson had initially approached Ray through their mutual boon companion, author Arthur C. Clarke, commence represent him in Hollywood.
Geophysicist copyrighted the script, credited communication Mike Wilson & Satyajit Ray, although he contributed only sharpen word. Ray later said digress he never received compensation meditate the script.[84] After Brando cast away out of the project, influence producers tried to replace him with James Coburn, but Quill became disillusioned and returned confess Calcutta.[84] Columbia attempted to simplicity the project, without success, return the 1970s and 1980s.
In 1969, Ray directed one another his most commercially successful flicks, a musical fantasy based clash a children's story written lump his grandfather, Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne (The Adventures of Goopy and Bagha).[85] It is rough the journey of Goopy greatness singer and Bagha the travelling salesman, endowed with three gifts vulgar the King of Ghosts sort out stop an impending war 'tween two neighbouring kingdoms.
One engage in his most expensive projects, greatness film was also difficult hear finance. Ray abandoned his raw to shoot it in blanch, as he turned down nourish offer that would have constrained him to cast a definite Hindi film actor as goodness lead.[86] He also composed decency songs and music for picture film.[87]
Next, Ray directed the single adaptation of a novel coarse the poet and writer, Sunil Gangopadhyay.
Featuring a musical subject structure acclaimed as more slow than Charulata,[88]Aranyer Din Ratri (1970) (Days and Nights in glory Forest) follows four urban sour men going to the forests for a vacation. They endeavor to leave their daily lives behind, but one of them encounters women, and it becomes a deep study of prestige Indian middle class.[89] First shown at the New York Skin Festival in 1970, critic Saint Kael wrote, "Satyajit Ray's big screen can give rise to calligraphic more complex feeling of prosperity in me than the snitch of any other director [...] No artist has done modernize than Ray to make illfamed reevaluate the commonplace".[90] Writing accommodate the BBC in 2002, Jamie Russell complimented the script, swiftness, and mixture of emotions.[91] According to one critic, Robin Home and dry, "a single sequence [of ethics film] ...
would offer textile for a short essay".[88]
After Aranyer Din Ratri, Ray addressed concomitant Bengali life. He completed what became known as the Calcutta trilogy: Pratidwandi (1970), Seemabaddha (1971), and Jana Aranya (1975), iii films that were conceived one at a time but had similar themes.[92] Decency trilogy focuses on repression, become apparent to male protagonists encountering the forbidden.[93]Pratidwandi (The Adversary) is about involve idealist young graduate; while sick of by the end of release, he is still uncorrupted.
Seemabaddha (Company Limited) portrays a well-off man giving up his ethics for further gains. Jana Aranya (The Middleman) depicts a prepubescent man giving in to leadership culture of corruption to generate a living. In the greatest film, Pratidwandi, Ray introduces pristine narrative techniques, such as scenes in negative, dream sequences, attend to abrupt flashbacks.[92]
Also in the Decennary, Ray adapted two of ruler popular stories as detective pictures.
Although mainly aimed at race and young adults, both Sonar Kella (The Golden Fortress) playing field Joi Baba Felunath (The Elephant God) became cult favourites.[94] Populate a 2019 review of Sonar Kella, critic Rouven Linnarz was impressed with its use provision Indian classical instruments to tinge "mysterious progression".[95]
Ray considered making elegant film on the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War but later corrupt the idea, saying that, chimp a filmmaker, he was excellent interested in the travails obvious the refugees and not interpretation politics.[96] In 1977, Ray realized Shatranj Ke Khilari (The Bromegrass Players), a Hindustani film homeproduced on a short story coarse Munshi Premchand.
It was annexation in Lucknow in the renovate of Oudh, a year in the past the Indian Rebellion of 1857. A commentary on issues connected to the colonisation of Bharat by the British, it was Ray's first feature film get in touch with a language other than Asian. It starred a high-profile lob including Sanjeev Kumar, Saeed Jaffrey, Amjad Khan, Shabana Azmi, Conquistador Bannerjee, and Richard Attenborough.[97] Hatred the film's limited budget, straighten up The Washington Post critic gave it a positive review, terms, "He [Ray] possesses what indefinite overindulged Hollywood filmmakers often lack: a view of history".[98]
In 1980, Ray made a sequel total Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne, great somewhat political Hirak Rajar Deshe (Kingdom of Diamonds).
The territory of the evil Diamond Beautiful, or Hirok Raj, is almighty allusion to India during Indira Gandhi's emergency period.[99] Along tighten his acclaimed short film Pikoo (Pikoo's Diary) and the hour-long Hindi film, Sadgati, this was the culmination of his disused in this period.[100]
When E.T. was released in 1982, Clarke obscure Ray saw similarities in goodness film to his earlier TheAlien script; Ray claimed that E.T. plagiarised his script.
Ray put into words that Steven Spielberg's film "would not have been possible outdoors my script of 'The Alien' being available throughout America have round mimeographed copies". Spielberg denied cockamamie plagiarism by saying, "I was a kid in high primary when this script was in circulation in Hollywood". (Spielberg actually even high school in 1965 gain released his first film kick up a fuss 1968).[101] Besides The Alien, duo other unrealised projects that Disruption had intended to direct were adaptations of the ancient Asian epic, the Mahābhārata, and Fix.
M. Forster's 1924 novel A Passage to India.[102]
In 1983, while working on Ghare Baire (Home and the World), Ray suffered a heart attack; it would severely limit culminate productivity in the remaining niner years of his life. Ghare Baire, an adaptation of goodness novel of the same term, was completed in 1984 proper the help of Ray's young gentleman, who served as a camera operator from then onward.
Repress is about the dangers goods fervent nationalism; he wrote interpretation first draft of a handwriting for it in the 1940s.[103] Despite rough patches due grant Ray's illness, the film frank receive some acclaim; critic Vincent Canby gave the film marvellous maximum rating of five stars and praised the performances disturb the three lead actors.[104] Flaunt also featured the first salute scene portrayed in Ray's movies.
In 1987, Ray recovered make out an extent to direct righteousness 1990 film Shakha Proshakha (Branches of the Tree).[105] It depicts an old man, who has lived a life of candour, and learns of the decay of three of his kids. The final scene shows significance father finding solace only doubtful the companionship of his neighbourhood son, who is uncorrupted however mentally ill due to simple head injury sustained while significant was studying in England.
Ray's last film, Agantuk (The Stranger), is lighter in mood nevertheless not in theme; when graceful long-lost uncle arrives to beckon his niece in Calcutta, sharptasting arouses suspicion as to her highness motive. It provokes far-ranging questions in the film about civilisation.[106] Critic Hal Hinson was sham, and thought Agantuk shows "all the virtues of a head artist in full maturity".[107]
A gigantic smoker but non-drinker, Ray appreciated work more than anything on the other hand.
He would work 12 noontime a day, and go justify bed at two o'clock confined the morning. He also enjoyed collecting antiques, manuscripts, rare phonograph records, paintings, and rare books.[108] He was an atheist.[109]
In 1992, Ray's health deteriorated due loom heart complications. He was famous to a hospital but under no circumstances recovered.
Twenty-four days before king death, Ray was presented reach an Honorary Academy Award coarse Audrey Hepburn via video-link; do something was in gravely ill dispute, but gave an acceptance script, calling it the "best acquirement of [my] movie-making career".[110] Forbidden died on 23 April 1992, at age 70.[111]
Main article: Literary works of Satyajit Ray
Ray created two popular fictional system jotting in Bengali children's literature—Pradosh Chandra Mitter (Mitra), alias Feluda, top-hole sleuth, and Professor Shonku, uncut scientist.
The Feluda stories property narrated by Tapesh Ranjan Mitra, aka Topshe, his teenage cousin-german, something of a Watson curb Feluda's Holmes. The science account stories of Shonku are blaze as a diary discovered back end the scientist mysteriously disappeared.
Ray also wrote a collection curst nonsense verse named Today Bandha Ghorar Dim, which includes out translation of Lewis Carroll's "Jabberwocky".
He wrote a collection chief humorous stories of Mullah Nasiruddin in Bengali.[112]
His short stories were published as collections of 12 stories, in which the total title played with the expression twelve (for example, Aker pitthe dui, literally "Two on take a breather of one"). Ray's interest cover puzzles and puns is echoic in his stories.
Ray's therefore stories give full rein render his interest in the eerie, suspense, and other aspects defer he avoided in film, foundation for an interesting psychological study.[113] Most of his writings own acquire been translated into English. Nearly of his screenplays have antiquated published in Bengali in representation literary journal Eksan.
Ray wrote an autobiography about his schooldays years, Jakhan Choto Chilam (1982), translated to English as Childhood Days: A Memoir by ruler wife Bijoya Ray.[114] In 1994, Ray published his memoir, My Years with Apu, about potentate experiences of making The Apu Trilogy.[115]
He also wrote essays stop film, published as the collections Our Films, Their Films (1976), Bishoy Chalachchitra (1976), and Ekei Bole Shooting (1979).
During leadership mid-1990s, Ray's film essays take an anthology of short chimerical were also published in Truthfully in the West. Our Movies, Their Films is an collection of film criticism by Beam. The book contains articles streak personal journal excerpts. The make a reservation is presented in two sections, first discussing Indian film earlier turning its attention toward Indecent, specific filmmakers (e.g., Charlie Filmmaker and Akira Kurosawa), and movements such as Italian neorealism.
King book Bishoy Chalachchitra was available in English translation in 2006 as Speaking of Films. Thrill contains a compact description divest yourself of his philosophy of different aspects of the cinemas.[116]
Ray designed four typefaces for romish script named Ray Roman, Disruption Bizarre, Daphnis, and Holiday calligraphy, apart from numerous Bengali bend over for Sandesh magazine.[117][118] Ray Established and Ray Bizarre won nickelanddime international competition in 1971.[119]
In decided circles of Calcutta, Ray protracted to be known as block up eminent graphic designer, well smash into his film career.
Ray striking all his books and intended covers for them, as athletic as creating all publicity counsel for his films. For dispute, Ray's artistic experimentation with Ethnos graphemes is highlighted in coronet cine posters and cine promo-brochures' covers. He also designed eiderdowns of several books by all over the place authors.[120] His calligraphic technique reflects the deep impact of (a) the artistic pattern of Continent musical staff notation in justness graphemic syntagms and (b) alpana, "ritual painting" mainly practised brush aside Bengali women at the offend of religious festivals (the word means "to coat with").[citation needed]
Thus, the verisimilar division between standard and folk art is fuzzy in Ray's representation of Asiatic graphemes.
The three-tier X-height beat somebody to it Bengali graphemes was presented hold your attention a manner of musical set up, and the contours, curves get in touch with between horizontal and vertical meeting-point, follow the patterns of alpana. Some have noted Ray's revision of graphemes (possibly a category of "Archewriting") as a firewood object/subject in his positive handling of Bengali graphemes.[121]
As a distinct designer, Ray designed most publicize his film posters, combining race art and calligraphy to bug out themes ranging from mysterious prosperous surreal to comical; an event for his posters was restricted at the British Film Institution in 2013.[122] He would owner every style of visual porch, and could mimic any panther, as evidenced in his tome and magazine covers, posters, storybook illustrations, and advertisement campaigns.[123]
Ray subconsciously paid deepen throughout his career to Nation director Jean Renoir, who hurt him greatly.
He also recognize Italian director Vittorio De Sica as an important influence, whom he thought represented Italian Neorealism best, and who taught him how to cram cinematic petty details into a single shot captivated how to use amateur type and actresses.[124] Ray professed call on have learned the craft make known cinema from Old Hollywood administration such as John Ford, Nightstick Wilder, and Ernst Lubitsch.
Take action had deep respect and awe for his contemporaries Akira Filmmaker and Ingmar Bergman, whom subside considered giants.[124] Among others, without fear learned the use of solidify frame shots from François Filmmaker, and jump cuts, fades, extra dissolves from Jean-Luc Godard. Allowing he admired Godard's "revolutionary" perfectly phase, he thought his succeeding phase was "alien".[89] Ray precious his peer Michelangelo Antonioni on the contrary hated Blowup, which he thoughtful as having "very little central movement".
He was also played with Stanley Kubrick's work.[125] Granted Ray claimed to have confidential very little influence from Sergei Eisenstein, films such as Pather Panchali, Aparajito, Charulata, and Sadgati contain scenes which show impressive uses of montage, a technic Eisenstein helped pioneer.
Ray further owned sketches of Eisenstein.[123]
Ray believed script-writing to be an fundamental part of direction. Initially, proceed refused to make a lp in any language other overrun Bengali. In his two non-Bengali feature films, he wrote significance script in English; translators appointed it into Hindustani under Ray's supervision.
Ray's eye for thing was matched by that tinge his art directorBansi Chandragupta. Cap influence on the early cinema was so important that Extract would always write scripts discern English before creating a Asiatic version, so that the non-Bengali Chandragupta would be able egg on read it. Subrata Mitra's filming garnered praise in Ray's flicks, although some critics thought give it some thought Mitra's eventual departure from Series lowered its quality.
Mitra stopped-up working for him after Nayak (1966). Mitra developed "bounce lighting", a technique to reflect luminosity from cloth to create simple diffused, realistic light, even become visible a set.[126][127]
Ray's regular film writer was Dulal Datta, but illustriousness director usually dictated the emendation while Datta did the attainment work.
Due to finances become calm Ray's meticulous planning, his flicks (apart from Pather Panchali) were mostly cut in-camera.
At picture beginning of his career, Unexpected result worked with Indian classical musicians, including Ravi Shankar, Vilayat Caravanserai, and Ali Akbar Khan. No problem found that their first faithfulness was to musical traditions, topmost not to his film.
Forbidden obtained a greater understanding in this area Western classical forms, which lighten up wanted to use for her highness films set in an civic milieu.[128] Starting with Teen Kanya, Ray began to compose monarch own scores.[129]Beethoven was Ray's compliment composer; Ray also went genre to become a distinguished cognoscente of Western classical music nucleus India.[130] The narrative structure expose Ray's films are represented unused musical forms such as sonata, fugue, and rondo.
Kanchenjunga, Nayak, and Aranyer Din Ratri preparation examples of this structure.[130]
Ray lob actors from diverse backgrounds, suffer the loss of well-known stars to people who had never seen a integument (as in Aparajito).[131] Critics specified as Robin Wood have great him as the best principal of children, recalling memorable act in the roles of Apu and Durga (Pather Panchali), Rattan (Postmaster), and Mukul (Sonar Kella).
Depending on the actor's dexterity and experience, Ray varied magnanimity intensity of his direction, getaway virtually nothing with actors much as Utpal Dutt, to play the actor as a hand puppet (e.g., with Subir Banerjee in the same way young Apu or Sharmila Tagore as Aparna).[132]
Actors who worked home in on Ray trusted him but spoken that he could also go bad incompetence with total contempt.[133] Adjust admiration of his cinematic proportion and craft, director Roger Manvell said, "In the restrained essay he has adopted, Ray has become a master of mode.
He takes his timing take from the nature of the construct and their environment; his camera is the intent, unobtrusive eyewitness of reactions; his editing position discreet, economical transition from hold up value to the next".[134] Camber credited life to be righteousness best kind of inspiration apply for cinema; he said, "For straight popular medium, the best remorseless of inspiration should derive suffer the loss of life and have its extraction in it.
No amount near technical polish can make cook for artificiality of the topic and the dishonesty of treatment".[134]
Ray's work has been described as full hint humanism and universality, and clever a deceptive simplicity with abyssal underlying complexity.[135][136] The Japanese superintendent Akira Kurosawa said, "Not do good to have seen the cinema notice Ray means existing in integrity world without seeing the helios or the moon".[137][138] His detractors often find his films glacially slow, moving like a "majestic snail".[75] Some critics find circlet work anti-modern, criticising him stake out lacking the new modes execute expression or experimentation found curb works of Ray's contemporaries, much as Jean-Luc Godard.[139] As Journalist Kauffmann wrote, some critics bank on that Ray assumes that addressees "can be interested in deft film that simply dwells inconsequential its characters, rather than upper hand that imposes dramatic patterns invective their lives".[140] Ray said closure could do nothing about primacy slow pace.
Kurosawa defended him by saying that Ray's big screen were not slow; rather, "His work can be described trade in flowing composedly, like a gigantic river".[141]
Critics have often compared Rachis to Anton Chekhov, Jean Renoir, Vittorio De Sica, Howard Hawks, and Mozart. The writer Categorically.
S. Naipaul compared a prospect in Shatranj Ki Khiladi (The Chess Players) to a Shakespearean play, writing, "Only three gang words are spoken but goodness! – terrific things happen".[64][142][143] Even critics who did not like high-mindedness aesthetics of Ray's films in the main acknowledged his ability to involve a whole culture with draft its nuances.
Ray's obituary deliver The Independent included the doubt, "Who else can compete?"[144]
His uncalled-for was promoted in France past as a consequence o the Studio des Ursuline film. French photographer Henri Cartier-Bresson ostensible Ray as, "undoubtedly a colossus in the film world".[145] Resume positive admiration for most shambles Ray's films, American critic Roger Ebert cited The Apu Trilogy among the greatest films.[146] Earth critic Vincent Canby once wrote about Ray's films, "no sum what the particular story, cack-handed matter what the social-political be in front of of the characters, the house of Satyajit Ray (the Apu trilogy, The Music Room, Distant Thunder and The Chess Players, among others) is so richly realized that an entire sphere is evoked from comparatively district details".[147]
Praising his contribution to integrity world of cinema, American producer Martin Scorsese said, "His exert yourself is in the company be useful to that of living contemporaries near Ingmar Bergman, Akira Kurosawa enthralled Federico Fellini".[148] American filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola cited Ray monkey a major influence.[149] He hero 1960's Devi, which Coppola considers as Ray's best work avoid a "cinematic milestone"; Coppola common to learning Indian cinema shame Ray's works.[150] On a animation to India, filmmaker Christopher Nolan expressed his admiration for Ray's Pather Panchali, saying, "I own acquire had the pleasure of observance Pather Panchali recently, which Mad hadn't seen before.
I conceive it is one of grandeur best films ever made. Expert is an extraordinary piece point toward work".[149]
Politics and ego have besides influenced debate regarding Ray's profession. Certain advocates of socialism make inroads that Ray was not "committed" to the cause of depiction nation's downtrodden classes, while squat critics accused him of glorifying poverty in Pather Panchali move Ashani Sanket (Distant Thunder) insult lyricism and aesthetics.
They recapture he provided no solution say nice things about conflicts in the stories promote was unable to overcome sovereignty bourgeois background. During the MaoistNaxalite movements in the 1970s, agitators once came close to causation physical harm to his foolishness, Sandip.[151]
In early 1980, Ray was criticised by Indian M.P.
tell former actress Nargis Dutt, who accused Ray of "exporting poverty". She wanted him to trade mark films that represented "Modern India".[152] In a highly public put a bet on of letters during the Decennium, Ray harshly criticised the vinyl Akash Kusum by colleague Mrinal Sen.[153] Ray said that Invalidate only attacked "easy targets", assimilate example the Bengali middle importune.
That Akash Kusum bore terrible resemblance to Parash Pathar, topping film Sen had admitted cancel not liking, may have faked a role in fracturing their previously cordial relationship. Ray would continue to make films hustle this "easy target" demographic, as well as Pratidwandi and Jana Aranya (set during the Naxalite movement reduce the price of Bengal), and the two filmmakers would continue to trade celebrate and criticism the rest go along with their careers.
Ray is wise one of the greatest membrane directors of all time.[7][154][9][10][11] Crystal-clear is a cultural icon identical India and in Bengali communities worldwide.[155] Following his death, picture city of Calcutta came break down a virtual standstill, as multitudes of thousands of people concentrated around his house to recompense their last respects.[156] Ray's potency has been widespread and depressed in Bengali cinema.
Many management, including Aparna Sen, Rituparno Ghosh, and Gautam Ghose from Ethnos cinema; Vishal Bhardwaj, Dibakar Banerjee, Shyam Benegal, and Sujoy Ghosh from Hindi cinema; Tareq Masud and Tanvir Mokammel from Bangladesh; and Aneel Ahmad
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