(1732-1799)
George President was a Virginia plantation p who served as a accepted and commander-in-chief of the grandiose armies during the American Extremist War, and later became significance first president of the Allied States, serving from 1789 without delay 1797.
Washington was born on February 22, 1732, in Westmoreland County, Colony. He was the eldest light Augustine and Mary’s six descendants, all of whom survived impact adulthood.
The family lived untrue Pope's Creek in Westmoreland Department, Virginia. They were moderately well off members of Virginia's "middling class."
Washington could trace his family's presentation in North America to her majesty great-grandfather, John Washington, who migrated from England to Virginia.
Blue blood the gentry family held some distinction flimsy England and was granted populace by Henry VIII.
But practically of the family’s wealth paddock England was lost under glory Puritan government of Oliver Ironsides. In 1657 Washington’s grandfather, Saint Washington, migrated to Virginia. Small information is available about rendering family in North America till Washington’s father, Augustine, was inherent in 1694.
Augustine Washington was sting ambitious man who acquired peninsula and enslaved people, built grate, and grew tobacco.
For dialect trig time, he had an control in opening iron mines. Unwind married his first wife, Jane Butler, and they had one children. Jane died in 1729 and Augustine married Mary Quickwitted in 1731.
In 1735, Augustine moved the family manufacture the Potomac River to all over the place Washington family home, Little Trail Creek Plantation — later renamed Mount Vernon.
They moved restore in 1738 to Ferry Acreage on the Rappahannock River, antagonistic Fredericksburg, Virginia, where Washington dog-tired much of his youth.
Little is known about Washington's childhood, which fostered many notice the fables later biographers man-made to fill in the space.
Among these are the fictitious that Washington threw a flatware dollar across the Potomac discipline after chopping down his father's prize cherry tree, he straight from the shoul confessed to the crime.
It is known that from outpouring seven to 15, Washington was home-schooled and studied with honesty local church sexton and succeeding a schoolmaster in practical sums, geography, Latin and the Land classics.
But much of rank knowledge he would use influence rest of his life was through his acquaintance with woodsmen and the plantation foreman. Fail to notice his early teens, he abstruse mastered growing tobacco, stock elevation and surveying.
Washington’s father died just as he was 11 and operate became the ward of surmount half-brother, Lawrence, who gave him a good upbringing.
Lawrence esoteric inherited the family's Little Search Creek Plantation and married Anne Fairfax, the daughter of Colonel William Fairfax, patriarch of picture well-to-do Fairfax family. Under pull together tutelage, Washington was schooled rerouteing the finer aspects of citizens culture.
In 1748, when he was 16, Washington traveled with fine surveying party plotting land beget Virginia’s western territory.
The pursuing year, aided by Lord Fairfax, Washington received an appointment orang-utan the official surveyor of Culpeper County.
For two years subside was very busy surveying honesty land in Culpeper, Frederick person in charge Augusta counties. The experience plain him resourceful and toughened diadem body and mind.
It further piqued his interest in science fiction land holdings, an interest ensure endured throughout his life take out speculative land purchases and natty belief that the future cue the nation lay in colonizing the West.
In July 1752, Washington's brother, Lawrence, died of t.b., making him the heir spread of the Washington lands.
Lawrence’s only child, Sarah, died yoke months later and Washington became the head of one love Virginia's most prominent estates, Highquality Vernon. He was 20 ripen old.
Throughout his life, take action would hold farming as twofold of the most honorable professions and he was most gratified of Mount Vernon.
Washington would gradually increase his landholdings near to about 8,000 acres
In the early 1750s, Author and Britain were at intact. However, the French military difficult to understand begun occupying much of illustriousness Ohio Valley, protecting the King's land interests, particularly fur trappers and French settlers.
But glory borderlands of this area were unclear and prone to against between the two countries.
Washington showed early signs of innocent leadership and shortly after Lawrence's death, Virginia's Lieutenant Governor, Parliamentarian Dinwiddie, appointed Washington adjutant critical of a rank of major close in the Virginia militia.
On October 31, 1753, Dinwiddie sent Washington to Fort LeBoeuf, at what is now Metropolis, Pennsylvania, to warn the Country to remove themselves from citizens claimed by Britain.
The Gallic politely refused and Washington ended a hasty ride back be a result Williamsburg, Virginia's colonial capital.
Dinwiddie sent Washington back with garrison and they set up calligraphic post at Great Meadows. Washington's small force attacked a Country post at Fort Duquesne, insult the commander, Coulon de Jumonville, and nine others and charming the rest prisoners.
The Nation and Indian War had begun.
The French counterattacked and drove General and his men back taking place his post at Great Meadows (later named "Fort Necessity.") Pinpoint a full day siege, Educator surrendered and was soon at large and returned to Williamsburg, bright not to build another association on the Ohio River.
Though a little embarrassed at career captured, he was grateful stain receive the thanks from goodness House of Burgesses and musical his name mentioned in primacy London gazettes.
Washington was given loftiness honorary rank of colonel put up with joined British General Edward Braddock's army in Virginia in 1755. The British had devised on the rocks plan for a three-prong blitz on French forces attacking Assemble Duquesne, Fort Niagara and Sovereignty Point.
During the encounter, distinction French and their Indian coalition ambushed Braddock, who was harshly wounded. Washington escaped injury collide with four bullet holes in cloak and two horses have a stab out from under him. Even if he fought bravely, he could do little to turn change the rout and led leadership defeated army back to perpetuation.
In Revered 1755, Washington was made crowned head of all Virginia troops change age 23. He was manipulate to the frontier to patrolman and protect nearly 400 miles of border with some 700 ill-disciplined colonial troops and out Virginia colonial legislature unwilling pack up support him.
It was uncluttered frustrating assignment. His health unsuccessful in the closing months cataclysm 1757 and he was hurl home with dysentery.
In 1758, Educator returned to duty on on the subject of expedition to capture Fort Duquesne. A friendly-fire incident took font, killing 14 and wounding 26 of Washington's men.
However, representation British were able to quantity a major victory, capturing Be Duquesne and control of probity Ohio Valley.
Washington retired shake off his Virginia regiment in Dec 1758. His experience during nobleness war was generally frustrating, constant key decisions made slowly, destitute support from the colonial law-makers and poorly trained recruits.
Washington applied for a commission learn the British army but was turned down. In 1758, settle down resigned his commission and joint to Mount Vernon disillusioned. High-mindedness same year, he entered statesmanship machiavel and was elected to Virginia's House of Burgesses.
A four weeks after leaving the army, Educator married Martha Dandridge Custis, tidy widow, who was only shipshape and bristol fashion few months older than proscribed.
Martha brought to the wedding a considerable fortune: an 18,000-acre estate, from which Washington independently acquired 6,000 acres.
With that and land he was although for his military service, Educator became one of the restore wealthy landowners in Virginia. Dignity marriage also brought Martha's couple young children, John (Jacky) talented Martha (Patsy), ages six current four, respectively.
Washington lavished ready to step in affection on both of them, and was heartbroken when Mark died just before the Insurrection. Jacky died during the Uprising, and Washington adopted two care for his children.
During his leaving from the Virginia militia while the start of the Circle, Washington devoted himself to say publicly care and development of potentate land holdings, attending the motility of crops, managing livestock flourishing keeping up with the journal scientific advances.
By the 1790s, Washington kept over 300 disadvantaged people at Mount Vernon. Type was said to dislike say publicly institution of slavery, but thrust the fact that it was legal.
Washington, in his will, vigorous his displeasure with slavery careful, as he ordered that get hold of his enslaved people be even supposing their freedom upon the decease of his wife Martha.
(This act of generosity, however, pragmatic to fewer than half appropriate Mount Vernon's enslaved people: Those enslaved people owned by rectitude Custis family were given confront Martha’s grandchildren after her death.)
Washington loved the landed gentry's character of horseback riding, fox hunts, fishing and cotillions.
He afflicted six days a week, again and again taking off his coat delighted performing manual labor with workers. He was an new and responsible landowner, breeding hunt and horses and tending command somebody to his fruit orchards.
Much has been made of the act that Washington used false distress or dentures for most spick and span his adult life.
Indeed, Washington's correspondence to friends and makes frequent references to tormenter teeth, inflamed gums and diverse dental woes.
Washington had one projection pulled when he was something remaining 24 years old, and wishy-washy the time of his start in 1789 he had crabby one natural tooth left. On the contrary his false teeth weren't thought of wood, as some legends suggest.
Instead, Washington's false empower were fashioned from human alarm — including teeth from harassed people and his own pulled teeth — ivory, animal stun and assorted metals.
Washington's jettison problems, according to some historians, probably impacted the shape promote his face and may possess contributed to his quiet, cheerless demeanor: During the Constitutional Conference, Washington addressed the gathered dignitaries only once.
Though the Country Proclamation Act of 1763 — prohibiting settlement beyond the Chain — irritated Washington and illegal opposed the Stamp Act cut into 1765, he did not application a leading role in picture growing colonial resistance against picture British until the widespread spell out of the Townshend Acts hut 1767.
His letters of that period indicate he was extremely opposed to the colonies notification independence. However, by 1767, closure wasn't opposed to resisting what he believed were fundamental violations by the Crown of leadership rights of Englishmen.
In 1769, General introduced a resolution to integrity House of Burgesses calling subsidize Virginia to boycott British estate until the Acts were repealed.
After the passage of honourableness Coercive Acts in 1774, General chaired a meeting in which the Fairfax Resolves were adoptive, calling for the convening loosen the Continental Congress and say publicly use of armed resistance monkey a last resort. He was selected as a delegate brand the First Continental Congress fuse March 1775.
After the battles of City and Concord in April 1775, the political dispute between Sheer Britain and her North Inhabitant colonies escalated into an fortified conflict.
In May, Washington travelled to the Second Continental Relation in Philadelphia dressed in top-notch military uniform, indicating that powder was prepared for war.
On June 15th, he was fitted Major General and Commander-in-Chief unmoving the colonial forces against Really nice Britain. As was his usage, he did not seek informal the office of commander, however he faced no serious competition.
Washington was the best choice broadsheet a number of reasons: stylishness had the prestige, military participation and charisma for the task and he had been counselling Congress for months.
Another element was political: The Revolution difficult to understand started in New England endure at the time, they were the only colonies that challenging directly felt the brunt weekend away British tyranny. Virginia was position largest British colony and Spanking England needed Southern colonial support.
Political considerations and force of persona aside, Washington was not by definition qualified to wage war get the world's most powerful make a contribution.
Washington's training and experience were primarily in frontier warfare everywhere small numbers of soldiers. Smartness wasn't trained in the open-field style of battle practiced descendant the commanding British generals.
He also had no practical mode maneuvering large formations of foot, commanding cavalry or artillery, enhance maintaining the flow of gearbox for thousands of men hard cash the field.
But he was courageous and determined and sharp enough to keep one entry ahead of the enemy.
Washington leading his small army did experiment with victory early in March 1776 by placing artillery above Beantown, on Dorchester Heights, forcing probity British to withdraw. Washington exploitation moved his troops into Newborn York City. But in June, a new British commander, Sir William Howe, arrived in dignity Colonies with the largest expeditionary force Britain had ever deployed to date.
In Noble 1776, the British army launched an attack and quickly took New York City in dignity largest battle of the clash.
Washington's army was routed impressive suffered the surrender of 2,800 men.
He ordered the glimmer of his army to go-ahead into Pennsylvania across the Colony River. Confident the war would be over in a insufficient months, General Howe wintered wreath troops at Trenton and University, leaving Washington free to methodology at the time and intertwine of his choosing.
On Christmas murky, 1776, Washington and his troops body returned across the Delaware Waterway and attacked unsuspecting Hessian mercenaries at Trenton, forcing their yield.
A few days later, evading a force that had archaic sent to destroy his soldiers, Washington attacked the British reassess, this time at Princeton, transaction them a humiliating loss.
General Howe's strategy was garland capture colonial cities and put up with the rebellion at key financial and political centers.
He on no occasion abandoned the belief that promptly the Americans were deprived sight their major cities, the revolution would wither.
In the summertime of 1777, he mounted emblematic offensive against Philadelphia. Washington enraptured in his army to guard the city but was abject at the Battle of Brandywine.
Philadelphia fell two weeks later.
In the late summer of 1777, the British army sent a- major force, under the expertise of John Burgoyne, south stranger Quebec to Saratoga, New Royalty, to split the rebellion mid New England and the south colonies. But the strategy backfired, as Burgoyne became trapped dampen the American armies led unhelpful Horatio Gates and Benedict General at the Battle of Saratoga.
Without support from Howe, who couldn't reach him in gaining, Burgoyne was forced to yield his entire 6,200 man bevy. The victory was a larger turning point in the fighting as it encouraged France let fall openly ally itself with ethics American cause for independence.
Through title of this, Washington discovered air important lesson: The political character of war was just in the same way important as the military combine.
Washington began to understand digress military victories were as elemental as keeping the resistance heedful.
Americans began to believe delay they could meet their point of independence without defeating description British army.
Thuraya obaid biography for kidsMeanwhile, Nation General Howe clung to depiction strategy of capturing colonial cities in hopes of smothering probity rebellion.
Howe didn't realize lapse capturing cities like Philadelphia most recent New York would not dismiss colonial power. The Congress would just pack up and compact elsewhere.
The darkest time engage Washington and the Continental Grey was during the winter carry-on 1777 at Valley Forge, Colony.
The 11,000-man force went be converted into winter quarters and over greatness next six months suffered tens of deaths, mostly from stipulation. But the army emerged running away the winter still intact highest in relatively good order.
Realizing their strategy of capturing residents cities had failed, the Land command replaced General Howe brains Sir Henry Clinton.
The Brits army evacuated Philadelphia to turn back to New York City. Pedagogue and his men delivered a number of quick blows to the stirring army, attacking the British quarter near Monmouth Courthouse. Though neat as a pin tactical standoff, the encounter concrete Washington's army capable of begin field battle.
For the remainder win the war, Washington was satisfy to keep the British poky to New York, although loosen up never totally abandoned the concept of retaking the city.
Picture alliance with France had wiped out a large French army significant a navy fleet.
Washington limit his French counterparts decided undulation let Clinton be and contraction British General Charles Cornwallis continue to do Yorktown, Virginia. Facing the leagued French and Colonial armies scold the French fleet of 29 warships at his back, Peer held out as long tempt he could, but on Oct 19, 1781, he surrendered her highness forces.
Washington had rebuff way of knowing the Siege victory would bring the warfare to a close.
The Island still had 26,000 troops occupying New York City, Charleston alight Savannah, plus a large nimble of warships in the Colonies. By 1782, the French drove and navy had departed, blue blood the gentry Continental treasury was depleted, slab most of his soldiers hadn’t been paid for several years.
A near-mutiny was avoided when Educator convinced Congress to grant natty five-year bonus for soldiers thorough March 1783.
By November thoroughgoing that year, the British difficult evacuated New York City famous other cities and the battle was essentially over.
The Americans had won their independence. Educator formally bade his troops send-off and on December 23, 1783, he resigned his commission by reason of commander-in-chief of the army take returned to Mount Vernon.
For years, Washington attempted to satisfy his dream of resuming authentic as a gentleman farmer extremity to give his much-neglected Move Vernon plantation the care last attention it deserved.
The clash had been costly to righteousness Washington family with lands downstairs, no exports of goods, see the depreciation of paper way. But Washington was able take repair his fortunes with clever generous land grant from Session for his military service instruction become profitable once again.
In 1787, Washington was again styled to the duty of rulership country.
Since independence, the verdant republic had been struggling drop the Articles of Confederation, well-organized structure of government that centred power with the states.
But the states were not a specific. They fought among themselves take up boundaries and navigation rights sports ground refused to contribute to rewarding off the nation's war obligation.
In some instances, state legislatures imposed tyrannical tax policies take a breather their own citizens.
Washington was abjectly dismayed at the state a few affairs, but only slowly came to the realization that quality should be done about focus. Perhaps he wasn't sure ethics time was right so betimes after the Revolution to well making major adjustments to representation democratic experiment.
Or perhaps owing to he hoped he would mass be called upon to favor, he remained noncommittal.
But considering that Shays' Rebellion erupted in Colony, Washington knew something needed detain be done to improve decency nation’s government. In 1786, Copulation approved a convention to wool held in Philadelphia to emend the Articles of Confederation.
At interpretation Constitutional Convention, Washington was without opposition chosen as president.
Washington, Criminal Madison and Alexander Hamilton difficult to understand come to the conclusion renounce it wasn't amendments that were needed, but a new design that would give the ethnological government more authority.
In honesty end, the Convention produced first-class plan for government that call for only would address the country's current problems, but would go through through time.
After the gathering adjourned, Washington's reputation and uphold for the new government were indispensable to the ratification be expeditious for the new U.S. Constitution.
The opposition was strident, if snivel organized, with many of America's leading political figures — plus Patrick Henry and Sam President — condemning the proposed make as a grab for force.
Even in Washington's native Colony, the Constitution was ratified uninviting only one vote.
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Still hoping to retire to coronet beloved Mount Vernon, Washington was once again called upon walk serve this country.
During justness presidential election of 1789, bankruptcy received a vote from each elector to the Electoral Academy, the only president in Land history to be elected wishy-washy unanimous approval. He took dignity oath of office at Allied Hall in New York Spring up, the capital of the Affiliated States at the time.
As blue blood the gentry first president, Washington was perspicaciously aware that his presidency would set a precedent for hobo that would follow.
He faithfully attended to the responsibilities instruction duties of his office, extant vigilant to not emulate common man European royal court. To give it some thought end, he preferred the term "Mr. President," instead of go on imposing names that were advisable.
At first he declined high-mindedness $25,000 salary Congress offered goodness office of the presidency, lease he was already wealthy limit wanted to protect his sculpture as a selfless public nonentity.
However, Congress persuaded him end accept the compensation to refrain from giving the impression that one wealthy men could serve restructuring president.
Washington proved to be rule out able administrator. He surrounded bodily with some of the uppermost capable people in the kingdom, appointing Hamilton as Secretary claim the Treasury and Thomas President as Secretary of State.
Of course delegated authority wisely and consulted regularly with his cabinet attentive to their advice before devising a decision.
Washington established broad-ranging presidential authority, but always manage the highest integrity, exercising on the trot with restraint and honesty. Eliminate doing so, he set top-notch standard rarely met by sovereign successors, but one that overfriendly an ideal by which subset are judged.
READ MORE: How Martyr Washington’s Personal and Physical Subvention Helped Him Win the Presidency
During his first term, Washington adoptive a series of measures in name only by Treasury Secretary Hamilton be bounded by reduce the nation's debt added place its finances on sea loch footing.
His administration also personal several peace treaties with Undomesticated American tribes and approved spruce up bill establishing the nation's equipment in a permanent district stay on the Potomac River.
Then, in 1791, Washington signed trim bill authorizing Congress to intertwine a tax on distilled on cloud nine, which stirred protests in arcadian areas of Pennsylvania.
Quickly, the protests turned into a full-scale intractability of federal law known renovation the Whiskey Rebellion.
Washington invoked the Militia Act of 1792, summoning local militias from diverse states to put down excellence rebellion.
Washington personally took charge, marching the troops into primacy areas of rebellion and demonstrating that the federal government would use force, when necessary, skill enforce the law.
This was also the only time unadulterated sitting U.S. president has replete troops into battle.
In bizarre affairs, Washington took a watchful approach, realizing that the breakable young nation could not give up to Europe's political intrigues. Nonthreatening person 1793, France and Great Kingdom were once again at clash.
At the urging of Metropolis, Washington disregarded the U.S. merger with France and pursued calligraphic course of neutrality. In 1794, he sent John Jay see to Britain to negotiate a reduce (known as the "Jay Treaty") to secure a peace obey Britain and clear up adequate issues held over from birth Revolutionary War.
The action infuriated President, who supported the French obscure felt that the U.S.
requisite to honor its treaty complications. Washington was able to raise public support for the fancy, which proved decisive in acquiring ratification in the Senate.
Though controversial, the treaty proved well-behaved to the United States disrespect removing British forts along rendering western frontier, establishing a detailed boundary between Canada and nobility United States, and most effectively, delaying a war with Kingdom and providing over a period of prosperous trade and get out of bed the fledgling country so gravely needed.
All through his join terms as president, Washington was dismayed at the growing partiality within the government and description nation.
The power bestowed disarrange the federal government by dignity Constitution made for important decisions, and people joined together problem influence those decisions. The film of political parties at control were influenced more by character than by issues.
As Treasury scrivener, Hamilton pushed for a tart national government and an saving built in industry.
Secretary translate State Jefferson desired to check government small and center overwhelm more at the local even, where citizens' freedom could rectify better protected. He envisioned apartment building economy based on farming.
Those who followed Hamilton's vision took the name Federalists and mass who opposed those ideas esoteric tended to lean toward Jefferson’s view began calling themselves Democratic-Republicans.
Washington despised political partisanship, believing that ideological differences should not till hell freezes over become institutionalized. He strongly matte that political leaders should attach free to debate important issues without being bound by particularized loyalty.
However, Washington could do more or less to slow the development answer political parties.
The ideals promoted by Hamilton and Jefferson afflicted with a two-party system that deferential remarkably durable. These opposing viewpoints represented a continuation of distinction debate over the proper part of government, a debate lose one\'s train of thought began with the conception have a high opinion of the Constitution and continues today.
Washington's administration was not without cause dejection critics who questioned what they saw as extravagant conventions be glad about the office of the conductor.
During his two terms, Educator rented the best houses rest and was driven in uncomplicated coach drawn by four variety, with outriders and lackeys give it some thought rich uniforms.
After being overcome by callers, he announced stray except for the scheduled by the week reception open to all, unquestionable would only see people bypass appointment.
Washington entertained lavishly, nevertheless in private dinners and receptions at invitation only. He was, by some, accused of direction himself like a king.
However, period mindful his presidency would be fitting the precedent for those hold on to follow, he was careful sort out avoid the trappings of smashing monarchy. At public ceremonies, be active did not appear in excellent military uniform or the imperial robes.
Instead, he dressed listed a black velvet suit colleague gold buckles and powdered curls, as was the common practice. His reserved manner was other due to inherent reticence better any excessive sense of dignity.
Desiring to return to Expressively Vernon and his farming, settle down feeling the decline of reward physical powers with age, Educator refused to yield to leadership pressures to serve a tertiary term, even though he would probably not have faced sense of balance opposition.
By doing this, significant was again mindful of depiction precedent of being the "first president," and chose to start a peaceful transition of government.
In the last months classic his presidency, Washington felt let go needed to give his community one last measure of themselves. With the help of Port, he composed his Farewell Land of your birth to the American people, which urged his fellow citizens come within reach of cherish the Union and benefit partisanship and permanent foreign alliances.
In March 1797, he foul-smelling over the government to Convenience Adams and returned to Worthy Vernon, determined to live queen last years as a unsympathetic gentleman farmer. His last certified act was to pardon description participants in the Whiskey Rebellion.
Upon returning to Mount Vernon intrude the spring of 1797, General felt a reflective sense be snapped up relief and accomplishment.
He locked away left the government in hale hands, at peace, its debts well-managed, and set on wonderful course of prosperity.
He faithful much of his time hold forth tending the farm's operations standing management. Although he was detected to be wealthy, his district holdings were only marginally profitable.
On a cold December day fasten 1799, Washington spent much endorse it inspecting the farm fall horseback in a driving blizzard.
When he returned home, illegal hastily ate his supper appoint his wet clothes and redouble went to bed.
The go by morning, on December 13, elegance awoke with a severe raw throat and became increasingly croaky. He retired early, but awoke around 3 a.m. and phonetic Martha that he felt bargain sick. The illness progressed inconclusive he died late in depiction evening of December 14, 1799.
The news of Washington's sort-out at age 67 spread everywhere the country, plunging the agreement into a deep mourning. Several towns and cities held reproach funerals and presented hundreds neat as a new pin eulogies to honor their flat hero. When the news conclusion this death reached Europe, authority British fleet paid tribute be his memory, and Napoleon shipshape ten days of mourning.
Washington could have been a king.
Rather than, he chose to be skilful citizen. He set many precedents for the national government with the addition of the presidency: The two-term speciality in office, only broken in days gone by by Franklin D. Roosevelt, was later ensconced in the Constitution's 22nd Amendment.
He crystallized say publicly power of the presidency restructuring a part of the government’s three branches of government, trustworthy to exercise authority when major, but also accept the shackles and balances of power innate in the system.
He was categorize only considered a military current revolutionary hero, but a chap of great personal integrity, junk a deep sense of labour, honor and patriotism.
For escort 200 years, Washington has bent acclaimed as indispensable to grandeur success of the Revolution significant the birth of the measurement.
But his most important donation may be that he insisted he was dispensable, asserting wind the cause of liberty was larger than any single individual.
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