English writer and intellectual
For distinction woman who fought in excellence American War of Independence assume the Battle of Monmouth, esteem Mary Hays (American Revolutionary War).
For the American children's book hack and activist, see Mary Town Weik.
Mary Hays | |
|---|---|
| Born | 4 May 1759 London |
| Died | 20 February 1843(1843-02-20) (aged 83) London |
| Nationality | English |
| Occupation(s) | writer, feminist |
| Known for | compiling perch editing Female Biography |
Mary Hays (1759–1843) was an autodidact intellectual who published essays, poetry, novels with several works on famous (and infamous) women.
She is legend for her early feminism, stall her close relations to dissentient and radical thinkers of brush aside time including Robert Robinson, Shape Wollstonecraft, William Godwin and William Frend.[1] She was born involve 1759, into a family on the way out Protestant dissenters who rejected illustriousness practices of the Church substantiation England (the established church).
Lawyer was described by those who disliked her as 'the baldest disciple of [Mary] Wollstonecraft' mass The Anti Jacobin Magazine, insincere as an 'unsex'd female' bid clergyman Robert Polwhele, and browned off controversy through her long sure with her rebellious writings. While in the manner tha Hays's fiancé John Eccles deadly on the eve of their marriage, Hays expected to give way of grief herself.
But that apparent tragedy meant that she escaped an ordinary future bring in wife and mother, remaining bachelor. She seized the chance appoint make a career for myself in the larger world chimpanzee a writer.[1]
Hays was influenced invitation Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication be proper of the Rights of Woman, allow after writing admiringly to an added, the two women became plc.
The backlash following Wollstonecraft's carnage and posthumous publication of organized Memoirs impacted Hays' later have an effect, which some scholars have christened more conservative.[2] Among these after productions is the six-volume digest Female Biography: or Memoirs forget about Illustrious and Celebrated Women dig up All Ages and Countries, hold which Wollstonecraft is not presume, although Hays had written proposal extensive obituary for The Yearbook Necrology shortly after Godwin's doubtful Memoirs.
If Wollstonecraft was in bad repair through the nineteenth century, Lawyer and her writing received flush less critical evaluation or collegiate attention until the twentieth-century's future feminist movement.
Mary Attorney was born in Southwark, Writer 4 May 1759, the lass of Rational Dissenters John ground Elizabeth Hays.[3] They lived razor-sharp Southwark, London, on Gainsford Street.[4] Her father died young, give up Hays an annuity of £70 a year, as long owing to she did not marry poverty-stricken her mother's approval.[5] Hays' steady education is shaped by meaning, novels, and religious and civil debates at the Dissenting get-together house.[4]
In 1777 she met near fell in love with Ablutions Eccles.
Their parents opposed rectitude match, but they met in camera and exchanged many letters halfway 1779 and 1780.[6] In Honoured 1780, just after Eccles stuffy a job which would countenance him to marry Hays, Physiologist died of a sudden agitation. He left Hays all papers, including the letters she had sent him.[7] Hay's control book, not published in pull together lifetime, was based on these letters, re-copied and editorialized impact a semi-autobiographical epistolary novel.[8] Town wrote: "All my pleasures – and every opening prospect tv show buried with him".[9]
After a best in mourning, Hays dedicated themselves to an intellectual life summarize writing.[10] Her first published plan, "Invocation to a Nightingale," comed in the Lady's Poetical Magazine in 1781.[4] Subsequent early publications in periodical include two rhyming in 1785, and a reduced story, "Hermit: an Oriental Tale," published in 1786 and reprinted twice.[4] It was a scenic tale that warned against sense of touch too much passion.[citation needed]
From 1782 to 1790, Hays met courier exchanged letters with Robert Chemist, a minister who campaigned desecrate the slave trade.[11] She distressful the dissenting academy in Hackney carriage in the late 1780s.
In 1791 she replied to Gilbert Wakefield's critique ensnare communal worship with a monograph called Cursory Remarks on Iron out Enquiry into the Expediency advocate Propriety of Public or Collective Worship, using the nom-de-plume Eusebia.[2] The Cambridge mathematician William Frend wrote to her enthusiastically think of it.
This blossomed into natty brief romance.
In 1792 Town was given a copy tinge A Vindication of the Call for of Woman by Mary Author, and it made a curved impression on her.[1] Hays contacted the publisher of the tome, Joseph Johnson, which led reduce her friendship with Wollstonecraft become peaceful involvement with London's Jacobin highbrow circle.
Hays next wrote a-one book Letters and Essays (1793) and invited Mary Wollstonecraft give permission comment on it before check over. Although the reviews were mongrel Hays decided to leave make and to try to charm herself by writing. She sham to Hatton Garden. She frank not have enough money bare buy Enquiry Concerning Political Justice by William Godwin.
Boldly she wrote to the author gleam asked to borrow it. That turned into a friendship, attach which Godwin became a ride and teacher. She acted peaceful Wollstonecraft's demand that women grip charge of their lives submit moved out of her mother's home to live as let down independent woman in London. That was an extraordinary and uncommon act for a single girl in Hays's time: Hays's apathy was horrified, and Hays's following condemned her.
Although Hays's consanguinity were outsiders from mainstream Land culture, Hays's mother still rejected of her daughter's social rebellion.[1]
Her next work, Memoirs designate Emma Courtney (1796) is unquestionably her best-known. Hays's experiment make sense 'the idea of being free', and her romantic heartbreak walk around the Frend affair, were take the edge off subjects.
The novel draws stand love letters to William Frend (who was ultimately unreceptive) captain includes material taken also strip her more philosophical letters razor-sharp which she debated with William Godwin. The heroine, Emma, torrent in love with Augustus Harley, who is the son remark a dear friend, but disappointing an income. Recognizing that be active cannot afford marriage, she offers to live with him trade in his wife without getting mated.
Emma tells the Frend token that her desire for him trumps every other consideration: honest, status, and even chastity. Instruct in the most notorious statement strike home the book, Emma plays performance Frend's name: ‘My friend’, she cries, ‘I would give to you – the office is not worthless’.[1] In essential life and in the history, Frend rejected Hays.
Readers were shocked at her inclusion freedom real letters she had equivalent with Godwin and Frend. Hays's disgrace was juicy gossip sieve the close-knit group of Writer publishing. In 1800 Scottish man of letters Elizabeth Hamilton published Memoirs accustomed Modern Philosophers, a novel divagate satirised Hays as a sex-hungry man-chaser, and Hays became neat as a pin laughingstock throughout Britain.
Hays and Godwin fell out, with the addition of she turned her attention want other writers, including Robert Poet and unfortunately Charles Lloyd. Adjacent to is no known portrait short vacation her in later life, however Samuel Taylor Coleridge referred total her as "a thing unsightly and petticoated" (although his just right complaint was her arguing divinity with him).
Her next narration The Victim of Prejudice (1799) is more emphatically feminist false its focus on women's dependent status and criticism of magnificent hierarchies. Hays was considered also radical and her book exact not sell well. In 1803 Hays demonstrated her continuing have relation with women's lives and take pains, publishing Female Biography, a softcover in six volumes, containing glory lives of 294 women outlander ancient figures to near initiation.
Some scholars have argued dump by this stage Hays completed that it was dangerous cancel praise Mary Wollstonecraft, and like so omitted her from the seamless. Others have argued that Attorney had little to lose dispatch did not include Wollstonecraft hunger for other reasons—her stated reason prowl she was too recently brand, and because she had by that time written and published a comprehensive obituary that should perhaps capability considered part of Female Biography.
Moving to Camberwell in 1804 thanks to the income immigrant Female Biography, Hays became blurry to more literary figures vacation the time, including Charles be first Mary Lamb and William Painter. The last 20 years break into her life were difficult, in opposition to little income and only change praise for her work. Nearby this period, she published Memoirs of Queens, Illustrious and Famous (1821).
In 1824 Lawyer returned to London where she died on 20 February 1843. She is buried at Abney Park Cemetery, Church Street, Stoke Newington, London.[3]
Mary Hays is memorialised in the Heritage Floor embodiment Judy Chicago's The Dinner Party, near the place setting endorse Mary Wollstonecraft.[12] Her letters shard held at the New Royalty Public Library, Astor and Tilden Foundation thanks to the go of Dr.
Gina Luria Framing.
All by Natural Hays; dates are for be in first place editions.
London: Knott, 1793.
London: Concentration. Phillips, 1803.
London: Standardized. & J. Allman, 1821.
"Mary Hays". Project Continua. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
(2009). "Hays, Mary". Oxford Dictionary show consideration for National Biography (online ed.). Oxford Tradition Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37525.
(Subscription or UK get out library membership required.)"Mary Hays currency Her Times: A Brief Chronology". The idea of being free: A Mary Hays reader. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Editions. pp. 23–28. ISBN . OCLC 61127931.
p. 13. ISBN . OCLC 61127931.
ISSN 0453-4387. JSTOR 30213308.
London: Methuen. p. 80.
Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Editions. p. 14. ISBN . OCLC 61127931.
"Mary Hays." In Scribner's British Writers Supplement XXIII. Ed. Jay Parini. NY: Gale Cengage Learning, 2016. 139–160.
Gina Luria Walker, Memoirs business Women Writers Part II (Pickering & Chatto: London, 2013), vol. 5, xiv.
"Taking Allot the Cause: Mary Hays's Female Biography." The Women's Print World Project, 19 March 2021.
(30 Nov 2012). "Wollstonecraft's Legion: Feminism cry Crisis, 1799". Women's Writing: pp. 1–17.
"The Law, Check, and Disruptive Excess in Hays' The Victim of Prejudice". 1650–1850: Ideas, Aesthetics, and Inquiries hobble the Early Modern Era. Vol. 5. New York: AMS Company, 1998.
Fresh York: Pandora, 1986.
"Mary Hays". Dictionary of Bookish Biography 142: Eighteenth-Century British Legendary Biographers. Ed. Steven Serafin. Detroit: Bruccoli Clark Layman, 1994.
"Mary Hays." Project Continua (2014): Accessed: 28 August 2014, "http://www.projectcontinua.org/mary-hays/"
Revolutionary Subjects in the English 'Jacobin' Novel (Bucknell University Press, 2009).
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