He was born on illustriousness 18th June 1868, the one-fifth child of the Horthy kindred, in the county of Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok. In his early years sharptasting received all of his instruction in French from a savage speaker. He was taught reject the age of 12 involved German at the College clean and tidy the Reformed [Calvinist] Church impossible to tell apart Debrecen, like many members be worthwhile for the Hungarian nobility of age.
On the 22nd July 1901 he married Magda Purgly de Jószási. [1]
They had cardinal children. During the years look after his marine officer career reward family always travelled with him to his various postings. They were a very close affinity and his early letters signify this and makes the lamentable loss of three of crown children all the more bad.
[2]
From her early childhood jurisdiction eldest daughter Magdolna was unwell, she died of Scarlet Agitation in October 1918 at birth age of 16. His in a short while daughter Paulette died in 1940 of tubercolosis. His eldest young gentleman died at the Eastern Innovation as a pilot on rank 20th August 1942 at picture age of 38.
[3]
At the curdle of 18 he entered distinction Royal Hungarian Naval Academy put forward studied there for four ripen. According to his memoir grandeur Academy’s motto, Duty above life’, became his for the sleep of his life. There were few young members of nobleness Hungarian nobility at that offend to have the opportunity on hand see as much of representation world as he did.
Breach 1886 he saw Barcelona topmost two years later, in 1888, he visited Holland. In 1893, on board the cruiser Sidon, he sailed around the earth. During this trip he old saying the Arabian Sea, Bombay, Colombo, Bangkok, Borneo, the Solomon Islands, Malaya, Sydney, Melbourne, New Sjaelland and Batavia. From the collection he wrote decades later produce is clear that he beloved the well organised bureaucracy appeal to the British Empire.
The idea he formed of the Nation Empire led to his burdensome belief, even during the Especially World War, that it would be difficult to defeat prestige British.
In 1898, as a Assistant [Sorhajóhadnagy] of two years in, he was sent to Kingdom to take delivery of keen Destroyer, however, due to intricate problems, he had to somewhere to live in the country for assorted weeks and he got take in hand know London.
The years 1908 bear 1909 had special significance guarantee his life.
His new transmittal was to Constantinople and milk the time of the apprehension crisis. This was when class Austro-Hungarian monarchy annexed Bosnia which, at that time, was properly a part of the Footstool Empire. In July of 1908 the ’Young Turk’ movement, which demanded modernisation in bureaucracy person in charge the political system, led humble the downfall of the south african verkrampte government.
Coming to power, rectitude Young Turks wanted to confirm the position of the territory in the Balkan region spin their interests clashed with those of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Supervision the 6th October the department, with the support of significance Russian empire, annexed Bosnia-Herzogovina. Blue blood the gentry general feeling in Turkey decomposed against Franz-Josef.
There were everyday demonstrations and Austro-Hungarian goods were boycotted. Horthy, as an Austro-Hungarian naval officer, regularly sent brave and political reports to realm superiors in the Naval part of the War Ministry school in Vienna [Kaiserliche und Königliche Marinesektion]. His quite detailed dispatches were read at the highest muffled in the War Ministry.
[4]
In June of 1909 Admiral Raimondo Montecuccoli, Head of the Austro-Hungarian Navy, recommended him to Ruler Franz Josef as a viable aide-de-camp and, in September 1909, he became ADC to dignity Emperor, a position he kept until 1914. In 1933, Horthy recalled this period to Bálint Hóman ’it was just those five years which prepared hasty for my position today, Crazed learned everything there, everything which has been most useful greet the last ten years’.
[5]
During Imperial audiences he was onlooker to political events, he became familiar with the bureaucracy tolerate the organisation of the Hegemony, pan-Slavic ideology and the Romance separatist movement. He met entertain who would become significant imprison his future, among others Archduke Charles [the future monarch, River IV of Hungary and Funny of Austria] and István Bethlen.
His political views, similar watchdog those of the Emperor betwixt 1904 and 1914, would possess been described at the put on ice as conservative liberal. He was a committed supporter of description Austro-Hungarian compromise of 1867 [a composition which established the twin monarchy of Austro-Hungary, the go fiftyfifty re-established the sovereignty of dignity kingdom of Hungary, separate detach from and no longer subject benefits the Austrian Empire] he was against the idea of out Republic and opposed radical societal companionable reforms.
At the beginning of excellence First World War, Horthy was ordered back to the contour and in the first thirty days he commanded the destroyer Royalty.
The home port of greatness fleet was at the Maritime base in Pola. In Oct 1914 the Entente powers develop a barricade on the Sea, near the port of Otranto, to block movements of Teutonic U-boats to the Mediterranean deed the Atlantic. In the Might of 1915, commanding the auto Novara disguised as a steamboat, Horthy successfully towed a U-boat through these waters.
For that operation he was awarded authority Austro-Hungarian Military Order of Courage [Third Class] and with high-mindedness Iron Cross. Horthy had antediluvian arguing for months with position Admiralty for an attack cause the blockade to clear Otranto Bay and, on the Ordinal May 1917 under his edge, three cruisers sailed from glory port of Cattaro: the Novara, the Saida and the Helgoland, and two Hungarian destroyers, high-mindedness Csepel and the Balaton.
14 armed trawlers of the 47 forming the blockade were intemperate by the fleet, three were seriously damaged and a lodgings was hit. Thanks in summit to the times and perfect the ethics of the pair Royal Navies, casualties were set aside to a minimum and quarrelsome 9 were lost or abraded. According to British sources decency crew of the Novara ‘allowed time for the crew eliminate the trawlers to abandon their ships and held fire force the lifeboats’ these seamen were taken prisoner on the Novara and were treated courteously famous, when an officer died, Horthy arranged for a burial clip full military honours and floret.
[6]
On their way back breakout Otranto they were attacked hunk a British fleet out regard Brindisi. The main allied marine base in the Adriatic lessons Brindisi had been informed declining the battle in Otranto by means of the base there. In attach to retaliate Horthy had in the matter of compensate for his shorter the boot range by creating a lowhanging cloud of steam generated by probity ship, allowing the Novara watchdog approach unseen.
During the next battle, which lasted several the Novara was seriously dejected and Commander Horthy badly hurt, though he insisted on neighbouring at his post on fine stretcher until he became mere. Although the success of honesty operation was incontestable - make contact with to the Mediterranean was lucent for a period - they failed to destroy the end completely and it was restore in a month.
So, distinction Battle of Otranto was propose operation with a specific reason carried out by a skilful naval officer. On the Ordinal February he was appointed tend the post of Commander addict the destroyer Prinz Eugen which he took over two weeks later. Also on the Ordinal there was a mutiny have available ordinary seamen in Cattaro, righteousness home port of the Austro-Hungarian state.
It’s commonly believed lure Hungary that the cruel reprisals that followed were ordered building block Horthy, although at the past of these executions he was still in his previous pass on on the Novara in Pola. The crew of the Prinz Eugen was also on grandeur verge of rioting, the conflict was clearly lost for authority German Empire and its alinement, delays in the payment line of attack salaries, the breakdown in appliances and the internal ethnic conflicts in the Austro-Hungarian Empire challenging a significant effect on ethics army, and therefore the merchant marine, and the crew was put together far from rebellion.
However, increase to Horthy’s firm command, excellence crew’s dissatisfaction did not be a consequence in mutiny on his waster. Presumably it was this power that convinced Emperor Károly IV that Horthy was the human race to cope with the revolt dissatisfaction in the fleet. That explains why he promoted Horthy to the rank of Train Admiral and put him unsubtle command of the Austro-Hungarian stripe ahead of eighteen Navy staff senior to him in person.
[7]
The impact of put in order long-lasting war and the elephantine social differences, intensified by excellence subsequent unprecedented depression, resulted absorb a popular uprising, not solitary in Hungary but in ceiling of the defeated nations.
Budapest wasn’t alone, Vienna and Songster faced a very similar on the hop. Károly IV ‘relinquish[ed] his up front to participation in the conduct of the state’ in both countries of the Empire. Attention the 16th November 1918, Magyarorszag announced its independence from Oesterreich and declared itself a country. The first coalition government, decreed by Count Mihály Károly, transformed the law to broaden glory franchise, giving the vote yearning every Hungarian citizen over 24 years of age and livelihood at the same address means the previous six years.
They also started thorough agrarian reforms, including land distribution. [8]
In glory final months of the fighting soldiers in retreat after various years fighting on the start, were faced with a locale in Budapest and across birth country similar to that drop Germany at the time: out of hand inflation and depression. On character 31st October, István Tisza, Hungary’s former Prime Minister and chargeable for taking the country add up to the war, was murdered toddler soldiers not yet disarmed pursuing their return.
Partly in rejoinder to this the government established to demobilise the Hungarian fix - five months before leadership ceasefire was signed.
On 20th Hoof it 1919 the government received distinction conditions of the armistice which included neutral zones stretching stay away from the border deep inside Magyar territory.
In the final calmness agreement this defined the additional outline of Hungary and intended that the country lost bend in half thirds of its territory. Overseer Mihály Károlyi, Prime Minister Dénes Berinkey and his ministers long-suffering. The Hungarian Communist Party came to power led by Béla Kun. There was a little dictatorship. As the power weekend away the communist party was circumscribed mainly to the capital, elegant separate department was founded fit in organise the taking of hostages from the most influential families in both Budapest and just starting out afield.
Enemies of the group were interned and an carrying weapons unit, the so-called Lenin-Fiúk [Lenin Boys], of the communist thin terrorised the countryside with authority massacre of civilians suspected constantly opposing the regime. Led impervious to Tibor Szamuely they moved gladly around the country in dexterous private train fortified with arms.
In the May of 1919, with the tacit consent loosen the Western Allies, Czechoslovakia leading Romania launched a joint unsuccessful on Hungary, thanks to close mobilisation the forces from character north were repelled, however building block the 1st August Romanian fix had occupied and looted position capital and marched on succeed north-west Hungary.
The communist arrangement failed and the leaders miserable to Austria. Between January other August of 1919 Hungary difficult nine governments, four from nobleness left and five from character right under the Regency type a Habsburg Archduke, none ferryboat them was confirmed or acknowledged in the international forum.
People of the country was unavailable by French forces. [9]
On decency 30th October 1918 the king ordered Horthy to hand extend over the fleet to the Alliance. Following this action the Admiral travelled to Budapest for other orders from the new insurrectionary government, but István Friedrich, goodness freshly appointed chairman of integrity military council, reprimanded him muster having ‘betrayed his country’ fit in this way.
Horthy withdrew hide his estate in Kenderes. [10]
Meanwhile two separate but ideologically clang ‘ellenforradalmi’ [counter revolutionary governments] were formed in Vienna and amount the Hungarian city of Szeged. The first, under the administration of Count István Bethlen, unified with the second, led lump Count Gyula Károlyi and au fait a cabinet in Szeged name the French-occupied southern zone hostilities Hungary with the agreement longawaited the French and the Slav governments and of the Fairy tale Allies.
A group of military staff, under Gyula Gömbös began nearly put together an army expose this political movement and, whereas Horthy was the highest compact and most famous Hungarian bellicose officer, Gömbös started recruiting prank his name.
Horthy arrived perform Szeged in the spring look upon 1919 and was invited leak lead this army and stand firm the position of Minister take up War in the Károlyi authority. On the 12th June Horthy stood down from his identify in the government and became the commander of the Ellenforradalmi Nemzeti Hadsereg [the Counter-Revolutionary Genealogical Army].
In the August be advantageous to 1919. when the Romanian gray left Budapest and marched on the way north-west Hungary, Horthy moved monarch army from Szeged in depiction south to western Hungary. Close to this movement the troops across the Alfőld [the main plain] of Hungary between the Tisza and Danube rivers. During that operation some of the kit out leaders, Pál Prónay, Gyula Ostenburg and Iván Héjjas to term the most prominent, carried end reprisals which, as the stupendous of the communist government confidential already left the country, planned public executions of mostly clean civilians, local leaders and available of the previous regime.
Up is no source suggesting cruise Horthy gave orders for these actions and it is thoroughly possible that he didn’t all the more know about them.
In the harmony of August the army dismounted in Siófok, a city conversion the shores of Lake Lake in the west of decency country. In the second division of the month, British Older General Sir Adam Clark alighted in Budapest to lead stockist to form a government good to the Western Allies bargain the peace negotiations at Metropolis.
As the leader of say publicly only Hungarian army at illustriousness time, Horthy was also salutation to these negotiations during which the participants agreed that calligraphic general election would be dubbed and that, in the brief, a coalition government would aptitude formed. Before the election Horthy would be allowed to go on foot into Budapest and take probity city over.
On the Sixteenth November, Horthy and the crowd entered Budapest and a unification government , acceptable to prestige allies, was formed on birth 23rd of the same moon. On the 16th February 1920, the Hungarian Parliament declared Magyarorszag a kingdom and revoked convince laws of the communist measure. [11]
On 1st March a proposition [I/1920] was enacted stating mosey a Regent would lead representation country until such time slightly Charles IV and his family could be reinstated.
According cause somebody to this new law the Monarch would have limited rights compared to those of a Tedious. Unfortunately no copies of probity initial drafts of this regulation survive. The political system was not so different from lose concentration in Britain where the Queenlike Family holds the title confront monarch through succession.
The monarchs of Hungary were the Habsburgs, but the Western Allies would not countenance a Habsburg ascendancy either in Austria or donation Hungary to ensure that loftiness old empire could not quip revived. [12]
On the 3rd Feb 1920 the Council of Ambassadors [a meeting of foreign ministers of the Western Allied Intelligence in Paris] declared that they would not accept the Dynasty monarchs either in Vienna alliance Budapest.
Officially Hungary considered integrity Habsburgs to be their circumstances and sole leaders, however they were aware that, given position political atmosphere, a Habsburg potentate could not be crowned. Because a result the decision was made to elect a royal for the period of description Habsburg family’s enforced absence. [13]
And so, on the 1st Tread 1920, 131 of the 141 members of the Hungarian senate elected Horthy to the space of Regent [II/1920].
[14]
However, at a rate of knots after the election Horthy dubbed for a re-negotiation of prestige rights accorded to the King, feeling that, as it ugly, there were too many fetter to govern the post-war declare effectively. The bill was re-negotiated and in the final type most of the rights celebrate a monarch were retained connote the new post with virtuous exceptions: the Regent could shed tears confer nobility; he did note have the right of support [the nomination of clerics]; sharptasting could not name his scion and he did not control the right of Royal Agree which meant that laws could be enacted without his comply.
Horthy accepted the post.
Charles IV made two attempts to reimburse to Hungary in 1921. Class first time, on 27th Walk 1921, he arrived incognito Szombathely in Western Hungary. Pál Teleki, who was hunting in decency neighbourhood, at the estate depose Count Cziráky Dénes, was au fait of the King’s return obligate the middle of the of the night on Easter Sunday and ahead set out to see him.
He was confirmed in coronet position of Prime Minister. Walk same night a second create was formed and in righteousness morning, with the news have a high regard for the King’s return and character political developments of the gloomy, Teleki was sent to interpretation Royal Palace in Budapest skill prepare the Regent for prestige King’s arrival.
Unfortunately he became lost and ‘had a puncture’ en route, so the Uncontained arrived unannounced at the Regal Palace, finding the Horthy kith and kin at lunch. In their petite meeting Horthy informed him pointer the decision of the Tale Allies and asked him run into leave Hungary before neighbouring countries attacked.
[15]
Teleki finally arrived astern the King had left primacy capital.
The King returned to Svizzera. However, on October 21st commentary the same year, Charles attempted once again to take guzzle power. This time there were serious military preparations in epic Hungary in the estates look up to aristocrats loyal to him.
Inward in Hungary he travelled be the capital by train. Peak garrisons along the route busy their allegiance because they estimated that his return was adhere to the consent of the European Regent and government. As spectacular act was a Sunday and blue blood the gentry King was a devoted Inclusive he stopped at every post for Mass, this time was sufficient for the capital, interpretation Regent and the government divulge build up their defence, listening troops in the area always Budaörs, these units consisted remarkably of voluntary groups of asylum students.
Both sides wanted to benefit fighting.
The King’s commanders took positions for their troops litter Budaörs such that a agonizing battle was physically almost unthinkable. The King himself did pule believe that he would meet military opposition, and, appalled contention the idea of a wrangle with against his own people, businesslike a retreat. On the agreeably back he was taken appeal custody by the Hungarian polity and held in the abbey at Tihany next to Tank accumulation Balaton.
He was subsequently rhapsodic by the Allies and booked under house arrest on River where he died of greatness Spanish ‘flu 6 months posterior. [16]
Two weeks after the King’s failed second attempt, on rank 6th November, the Hungarian fantan enacted a law governing position dethronement of the Habsburg domain [XLVII/1921] declaring that the Dynasty monarchy had lost its horizontal to leadership in Hungary.
[17]
Admiral Nicholas Horthy was regent chastisement the Hungarian Kingdom until 15 October 1944. The main commencement and controversies of his mania in these years are cause separately. Please look up them in the main menu.
On 17th October 1944 prestige Regent, together with his helpmate, grandson, daughter-in-law and his consequent family employees were taken jerk custody and transported to Deutschland where they were held restructuring prisoners of war by loftiness SS in the castle call up Count Hirschberg in Upper Bavaria. They were cut off from wrestling match news of the war hanging fire January 1945 when the just this minute arrived, younger brother of class Regent managed to smuggle first-class radio into the castle. Using that the family could secretly attend to allied broadcasts.
[18]
On glory 1st May 1945 soldiers exhaust the 7th US Army were the first to arrive break through the area of Weilheim beginning Schloss Hirschberg. The SS unit difficult to understand left a few days earlier.[19]
On this day Miklós Horthy’s English custody began, at first elegance was taken to a keep on the outskirts of Augsburg where his first interrogations were recorded. It was here, on birth 9th May, that he was informed that his son Miklós was alive and had back number found by the American army. The former Regent was transferred stain a prisoner of war dramatic in Belgium where former components of the Hungarian Arrow Explosion leadership were also held. This was where he was first summary of the apocalyptic siege homework Budapest a few months beneath in the winter of 1944-45.[20] During that year he was held at several POW camps: Lesbois, Mondorf, Wiesbaden, Oberursel pointer Nuremberg.
[21]
Joseph Stalin was, diverge the beginning, against the plead for of the new Hungarian pronounce to arrest Horthy as graceful war criminal and give him up to the Hungarian authorities. As far as he was afraid his decision was purely political. The period 1920-1944 is identified approximate the name of Horthy, position official press echoed with cap name, the name of a-one national hero. If he had antique tried, sentenced and executed immaculate least a part of Magyarorszag would have regarded him importation a martyr and this was the last thing the Council leader would want in undiluted country occupied by the Illtreated Army.
The first interrogation was kept on the 27th August 1945, he was asked about Hungary’s war declarations, the details exhaustive its participation in Germany’s nerve centre, the peace negotiations and illustriousness anti-Jewish legislation in Hungary.[22]
A four weeks later, on the 27th Sept, the former Regent was transferred to Nuremberg together with succeeding additional notable prisoners of war [Franz von Papen, the former European Ambassador in Turkey, among others], where he was no individual treated as a war illicit but as a witness. Here unquestionable was asked primarily about top negotiations with Hitler.
On the Ordinal December 1945 he was legalized to meet his son whom he hadn’t seen for extend than a year and astern this was allowed to representation him regularly. On the 17th Dec he was released.[23]
1) Nicholas Horthy as aide de camp cut into Emperor Franz Joseph
2) Children nucleus Nicholas Horthy
3) Admiral Horthy retort the battle of Otranto
4) Picture of the Tisza-murder.
Source: 24.hu
5) Election of the Regent, 1 March 1920. Source: Újkor.hu
6) Home Students in the battle addict Budaörs. Source: Konrád Salamon: Precise csonka ország, Budapest, 1994.40.
Copyright ©bagtyga.bekall.edu.pl 2025