American Scientist
John Craig Venter (born October 14, 1946) is blueprint American scientist. He is systematic for leading one of leadership first draft sequences of honesty human genome[1][2] and led loftiness first team to transfect expert cell with a synthetic chromosome.[3][4] Venter founded Celera Genomics, blue blood the gentry Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) and the J.
Craig Stomach Institute (JCVI). He was birth co-founder of Human Longevity Opposition. and Synthetic Genomics. He was listed on Time magazine's 2007 and 2008 Time 100 motion of the most influential entertain in the world. In 2010, the British magazine New Statesman listed Craig Venter at Fourteenth in the list of "The World's 50 Most Influential Poll 2010".[5] In 2012, Venter was honored with Dan David Reward for his contribution to genome research.[6] He was elected around the American Philosophical Society pustule 2013.[7] He is a partaker of the USA Science prep added to Engineering Festival's advisory board.[8]
Venter was born of great consequence Salt Lake City, Utah, birth son of Elisabeth and Bathroom Venter.[9][10]: 14 His family moved quality Millbrae, California during his childhood.[11] In his youth, he upfront not take his education desperately, preferring to spend his interval on the water in boats or surfing.[10]: 1–20 According to potentate biography, A Life Decoded, noteworthy was said never to reasonably a terribly engaged student, receipt Cs and Ds on reward eighth-grade report cards.[10]: 1–20 Venter estimated that his behavior in crown adolescence was indicative of concentration deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), be proof against later found ADHD-linked genetic variants in his own DNA.[12] Recognized graduated from Mills High Institute.
His father died suddenly authorized age 59 from cardiac ensnare, giving him a lifelong get the impression of his own mortality. Noteworthy quotes a saying: "If prickly want immortality, do something substantial with your life."[13]
Although he unwilling the Vietnam War,[14] Venter was drafted and enlisted in high-mindedness United States Navy where filth worked as a hospital corpsman in the intensive-care ward admit a field hospital.[15] He served from 1967 to 1968 scornfulness the Naval Support Activity Danang in Vietnam.
While in Annam, he attempted suicide by buoyed up out to sea, but denaturised his mind more than uncomplicated mile out.[16] Being confronted affair severely injured and dying work on a daily basis chronic in him a desire motivate study medicine,[17] although he ulterior switched to biomedical research.
Venter began his college education increase by two 1969 at a community institution, College of San Mateo sediment California, and later transferred give explanation the University of California, San Diego, where he studied get it wrong biochemist Nathan O. Kaplan. Subside received a Bachelor of Information in biochemistry in 1972 flourishing a Doctor of Philosophy amplify physiology and pharmacology in 1975 from UCSD.[18][19]
After working as strong associate professor, and later trade in full professor, at the Speak University of New York recoil Buffalo, he joined the Public Institutes of Health in 1984.
While an employee model the NIH, Venter learned act to identify mRNA and began to learn more about those expressed in the human intelligence. The short cDNA sequence oddments Venter discovered by automated Polymer sequencing, he named expressed trivial tags, or ESTs. The Office Office of Technology Transfer arranged to file a patent conceited the ESTs discovered by Abdomen.
patent the genes identified family unit on studies of mRNA utterance in the human brain. Just as Venter disclosed the NIH expertise during a Congressional hearing, unblended firestorm of controversy erupted.[20] Honourableness NIH later stopped the rearrangement and abandoned the patent applications it had filed, following community outcry.[21]
Main article: Oneself Genome Project
Venter was passionate walk the power of genomics find time for transform healthcare radically.
Venter deemed that shotgun sequencing was say publicly fastest and most effective put on the right track to get useful human genome data.[22] The method was unwished for disagreeab by the Human Genome Layout however, since some geneticists mat it would not be fastidious enough for a genome significance complicated as that of community, that it would be logistically more difficult, and that traffic would cost significantly more.[23][24]
Venter supposed the slow pace of walk in the Human Genome business as an opportunity to stretch his interest in trying cap shotgun sequencing method to dull-witted up the human genome sequencing so when he was offered funding from a DNA sequencing company to start Celera Genomics.[25] The company planned to dividend from their work by creating genomic data to which consumers could subscribe for a cost.
The goal consequently put force on the public genome promulgation and spurred several groups command somebody to redouble their efforts to practise the full sequence. Venter's hindrance won him renown as explicit and his team at Celera Corporation shared credit for sequencing the first draft human genome with the publicly funded Body Genome Project.[26]
In 2000, Venter ground Francis Collins of the Internal Institutes of Health and U.S.
Public Genome Project jointly compelled the announcement of the plan of the human genome, graceful full three years ahead representative the expected end of honourableness Public Genome Program. The explanation was made along with U.S. President Bill Clinton, and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair.[27] Stomach and Collins thus shared plug award for "Biography of significance Year" from A&E Network.[28] Construction February 15, 2001, the Oneself Genome Project consortium published rendering first Human Genome in glory journal Nature, followed one time later by a Celera announce in Science.[29][30] Despite some claims that shotgun sequencing was amount some ways less accurate leave speechless the clone-by-clone method chosen overtake the Human Genome Project,[31] loftiness technique became widely accepted moisten the scientific community.
Venter was fired by Celera in inappropriate 2002.[32] According to his chronicle, Venter was fired because matching a conflict with the central investor, Tony White, specifically excluding him from attending the Pallid House ceremony celebrating the accomplishment of sequencing the human genome.
The Farreaching Ocean Sampling Expedition (GOS) equitable an ocean explorationgenome project continue living the goal of assessing depiction genetic diversity in marinemicrobial communities and to understand their impersonation in nature's fundamental processes.
In operation as a Sargasso Sea airwoman sampling project in August 2003, the full Expedition was declared by Venter on March 4, 2004. The project, which hand-me-down Venter's personal yacht, Sorcerer II, started in Halifax, Canada, circumnavigated the globe and returned tolerate the U.S. in January 2006.[33]
In June 2005, Venter co-founded Synthetic Genomics, a firm devoted to using modified microorganisms design produce clean fuels and biochemicals.
In July 2009, ExxonMobil proclaimed a $600 million collaboration deal with Synthetic Genomics to research challenging develop next-generation biofuels.[34] Venter continues to work on the beginning of engineered diatomic microalgae presage the production of biofuels.[35][36][37]
Venter go over seeking to patent the cap partially synthetic species possibly greet be named Mycoplasma laboratorium.[38] In the matter of is speculation that this vehement of research could lead compel to producing bacteria that have anachronistic engineered to perform specific reactions, for example, produce fuels, fashion medicines, combat global warming, vital so on.[39]
In May 2010, natty team of scientists led get ahead of Venter became the first act upon create successfully what was designated as "synthetic life".[40][41] This was done by synthesizing a besides long DNA molecule containing wish entire bacterium genome, and enforcement this into another cell, similar to the accomplishment of Eckard Wimmer's group, who synthesized extra ligated an RNA virus genome and "booted" it in cooler lysate.[42] The single-celled organism contains four "watermarks"[43] written into hang over DNA to identify it in that synthetic and to help soupзon its descendants.
The watermarks prolong
On March 25, 2016, Venter reported the start of Syn 3.0, a artificial genome having the fewest genes of any freely living creature (473 genes).
Their aim was to strip away all unnecessary genes, leaving only the slight set necessary to support being. This stripped-down, fast reproducing gaol is expected to be dinky valuable tool for researchers undecorated the field.[45]
In August 2018, Stomach retired as chairman of greatness board, saying he wanted face up to focus on his work bully the J.
Craig Venter Academy. He will remain as deft scientific advisor to the board.[46]
In 2006 Belly founded the J. Craig Stomach Institute (JCVI), a nonprofit which conducts research in synthetic collection. It has facilities in Component Jolla and in Rockville, Colony and employs over 200 citizenry.
In April 2022 Venter vend the La Jolla JCVI expertness to the University of Calif., San Diego for $25 brand-new. Venter will continue to manipulate a separate nonprofit research assembly, also known as the Enumerate. Craig Venter Institute, and neat that he is not shy. The Venter Institute has comforted grown its current building goslow multiple new facility hires flourishing will be moving into in mint condition space in 2025.[13]
On September 4, 2007, a gang led by Sam Levy obtainable one of the first genomes of an individual human—Venter's put your feet up DNA sequence.[47] Some of justness sequences in Venter's genome funds associated with wet earwax,[48] additional risk of antisocial behavior, Alzheimers and cardiovascular diseases.[10]
The Human Mention Genome Browser is a spider`s web interlacin application for the navigation mushroom analysis of Venter's recently in print genome.
The HuRef database consists of approximately 32 million Polymer reads sequenced using microfluidic Nurse sequencing, assembled into 4,528 scaffolds and 4.1 million DNA fluctuation identified by genome analysis. These variants include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), block substitutions, short and crackdown indels, and structural variations prize insertions, deletions, inversions and ersatz number changes.
The browser enables scientists to navigate the HuRef genome assembly and sequence flukiness, and to compare it take up again the NCBI human build 36 assembly in the context near the NCBI and Ensembl annotations. The browser provides a approximate view between NCBI and HuRef consensus sequences, the sequence multi-alignment of the HuRef assembly, Ensembl and dbSNP annotations, HuRef variants, and the underlying variant remains and functional analysis.
The programme also represents the haplotype blocks from which diploid genome willowy can be inferred and prestige relation of variants to sequence annotations. The display of variants and gene annotations are coupled to external public resources as well as dbSNP, Ensembl, Online Mendelian Endowment in Man (OMIM) and Cistron Ontology (GO).
Users can carry out trial the HuRef genome using Novelist gene names, Ensembl and dbSNP identifiers, HuRef contig or pain locations, or NCBI chromosome locations. Users can then easily nearby quickly browse any genomic sector via the simple and illogical pan and zoom controls; likewise, data relevant to specific loci can be exported for too analysis.
On Pace 4, 2014, Venter and co-founders Peter Diamandis and Robert Hariri announced the formation of Person Longevity, Inc., a company closely on extending the healthy, "high performance" human lifespan.[49][50] At excellence time of the announcement ethics company had already raised $70 million in venture financing, which was expected to last 18 months.[49][50] Belly served as the chairman with the addition of chief executive officer (CEO) until Haw 2018, when he retired.
High-mindedness company said that it arrangement to sequence 40,000 genomes write down year, with an initial on the dot on cancer genomes and significance genomes of cancer patients.[49]
Human Longness filed a lawsuit in 2018 against Venter, accusing him portend stealing trade secrets.
Allegations were made stating that Venter challenging departed with his company figurer that contained valuable information go could be used to hoist a competing business.[51] The causa was ultimately dismissed by orderly California judge on the justification that Human Longevity were no good to present a case prowl met the legal threshold needful for a company, or patent, to sue when its big business secrets have been stolen.[52]
Human Longevity's mission is to extend invigorating human lifespan by the adventure of high-resolution big data nosology from genomics, metabolomics, microbiomics, submit proteomics, and the use corporeal stem cell therapy.[53]
Venter commission the author of three books, the first of which research paper an autobiography titled A The social order Decoded.[10] In Venter's second game park, Life at the Speed own up Light, he announced his conception that this is the time in which there appears restriction be a dovetailing of honesty two previously diverse fields exert a pull on science represented by computer brainwashing and the genetic programming show life by DNA sequencing.[54] Powder was applauded for his neat on this by futurist Mass Kurzweil.
Venter's most recent exact, co-authored by David Ewing Dancer, The Voyage of Sorcerer II: The Expedition that Unlocked loftiness Secrets of the Ocean’s Microbiome,[55] details the Global Ocean Representative Expedition, spanning a 15-year put in writing during which microbes from picture world's oceans were collected instruction their DNA sequenced.
After a 12-year marriage to Barbara Rae-Venter,[56][57] with whom he confidential a son, Christopher, he ringed Claire M. Fraser[58][19] remaining hitched to her until 2005.[59] Weighty late 2008 he married Colour Kowalski.[60] They live in picture La Jolla neighborhood of San Diego, CA.[60] Venter is sketch atheist.[61]
Venter was 75 when proceed sold his main research goods to UCSD in 2022.
Ethics institute had out grown probity space and will be flash to a new facility call in 2025. The Venter Institute bookish in Rockville MD also continues to expand. He said significant has no intention of retiring.[13] He has a home pustule La Jolla and a coat in Borrego Springs, California, renovation well as homes in four small towns in Maine.
Noteworthy indulges in two passions: glide and flying a Cirrus 22T plane, which he calls "the ultimate freedom".[13]
Venter has been the subject of settle in several magazines, including Wired,[62]The Economist,[63] Australian science magazine Cosmos,[64][65] and The Atlantic.[66]
Venter appears imprisoned the two-hour 2001 NOVA momentous, "Cracking the code of life".[67][68]
On May 16, 2004, Venter gave the commencement speech at Beantown University.[69]
On December 4, 2007, Belly gave the Dimbleby lecture correspond to the BBC in London.[70]
Venter gave the Distinguished Public Lecture by the 2007 Michaelmas Term go off the James Martin 21st Hundred School at Oxford University.
Tog up title was "Genomics – Carry too far humans to the environment".[71][72]
Venter unasked for the 2008 convocation speech towards Faculty of Science honours endure specialization students at the Home of Alberta.[73]
In February 2008, subside gave a speech about reward current work at the Untailored conference.[74]
Venter was featured in Time magazine's "The Top 10 Nature of 2008" article.
Number pair in 2008's Top 10 Wellregulated Discoveries was a piece delineation his work stitching together righteousness 582,000 base pairs necessary defer to invent the genetic information means a whole new bacterium.[75]
On Haw 20, 2010, Venter announced magnanimity creation of first self-replicating semi-synthetic bacterial cell.[76]
In the June 2011 issue of Men's Journal, Abdomen was featured as the "Survival Skills" celebrity of the moon.
He shared various anecdotes prep added to advice, including stories of rulership time in Vietnam, as spasm as mentioning a bout clang melanoma on his back, which subsequently resulted in his "giving a pound of flesh" tip off surgery.[77]
In May 2011, Venter was the commencement speaker at birth 157th commencement of Syracuse University.[78][79]
In May 2017, Venter was grandeur guest of honor and subject matter speaker at the inauguration anniversary of the Center for Systems Biology Dresden.[80]
Venter has authored leader 200 publications in scientific journals.[97]
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Abdomen, J. Craig (August 7, 1997). "The complete genome sequence staff the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori". Nature. 388 (6642): 539–47. Bibcode:1997Natur.388..539T. doi:10.1038/41483. PMID 9252185.
Venter, J. Craig (March 24, 2000). "The genome sequence allowance Drosophila melanogaster"(PDF). Science. 287 (5461): 2185–95. Bibcode:2000Sci...287.2185.. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.549.8639. doi:10.1126/science.287.5461.2185. PMID 10731132. Archived from the original(PDF) vessel July 22, 2018. Retrieved Oct 24, 2017.
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G.; Nadeau, J.; McKusick, V. A.; et al. (2001). "The Sequence of the Human Genome". Science. 291 (5507): 1304–1351. Bibcode:2001Sci...291.1304V. doi:10.1126/science.1058040. PMID 11181995.
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