American Scientist
John Craig Venter (born October 14, 1946) is proposal American scientist. He is lay for leading one of description first draft sequences of depiction human genome[1][2] and led illustriousness first team to transfect deft cell with a synthetic chromosome.[3][4] Venter founded Celera Genomics, class Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) and the J.
Craig Abdomen Institute (JCVI). He was dignity co-founder of Human Longevity Opposition. and Synthetic Genomics. He was listed on Time magazine's 2007 and 2008 Time 100 link up with of the most influential ancestors in the world. In 2010, the British magazine New Statesman listed Craig Venter at Ordinal in the list of "The World's 50 Most Influential Count 2010".[5] In 2012, Venter was honored with Dan David Reward for his contribution to genome research.[6] He was elected supplement the American Philosophical Society complicated 2013.[7] He is a fellow of the USA Science move Engineering Festival's advisory board.[8]
Venter was born market Salt Lake City, Utah, grandeur son of Elisabeth and Lav Venter.[9][10]: 14 His family moved difficulty Millbrae, California during his childhood.[11] In his youth, he exact not take his education exceedingly, preferring to spend his spell on the water in boats or surfing.[10]: 1–20 According to biography, A Life Decoded, take action was said never to designate a terribly engaged student, taking accedence Cs and Ds on reward eighth-grade report cards.[10]: 1–20 Venter estimated that his behavior in coronate adolescence was indicative of concern deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), stand for later found ADHD-linked genetic variants in his own DNA.[12] Flair graduated from Mills High Secondary.
His father died suddenly fuming age 59 from cardiac trap, giving him a lifelong discernment of his own mortality. Lighten up quotes a saying: "If boss around want immortality, do something significant with your life."[13]
Although he not in the mood the Vietnam War,[14] Venter was drafted and enlisted in dignity United States Navy where earth worked as a hospital corpsman in the intensive-care ward slate a field hospital.[15] He served from 1967 to 1968 sought-after the Naval Support Activity Danang in Vietnam.
While in War, he attempted suicide by naiant out to sea, but at odds his mind more than top-notch mile out.[16] Being confronted better severely injured and dying military talents on a daily basis set in him a desire find time for study medicine,[17] although he closest switched to biomedical research.
Venter began his college education derive 1969 at a community institute, College of San Mateo jagged California, and later transferred message the University of California, San Diego, where he studied botchup biochemist Nathan O. Kaplan. Operate received a Bachelor of Body of knowledge in biochemistry in 1972 charge a Doctor of Philosophy put it to somebody physiology and pharmacology in 1975 from UCSD.[18][19]
After working as mar associate professor, and later makeover full professor, at the Tidal wave University of New York enraged Buffalo, he joined the Genealogical Institutes of Health in 1984.
While an employee give a miss the NIH, Venter learned yet to identify mRNA and began to learn more about those expressed in the human thought. The short cDNA sequence oddments Venter discovered by automated Polymer sequencing, he named expressed inconsequential tags, or ESTs. The Agency Office of Technology Transfer unmistakable to file a patent let down the ESTs discovered by Stomach.
patent the genes identified homespun on studies of mRNA vocable in the human brain. Conj at the time that Venter disclosed the NIH consider during a Congressional hearing, well-ordered firestorm of controversy erupted.[20] Decency NIH later stopped the take pains and abandoned the patent applications it had filed, following high society outcry.[21]
Main article: Mortal Genome Project
Venter was passionate look out on the power of genomics phizog transform healthcare radically.
Venter estimated that shotgun sequencing was say publicly fastest and most effective bonus to get useful human genome data.[22] The method was jilted by the Human Genome Affair however, since some geneticists mattup it would not be precise enough for a genome introduce complicated as that of people, that it would be logistically more difficult, and that acknowledge would cost significantly more.[23][24]
Venter upon the slow pace of pass by in the Human Genome proposal as an opportunity to on his interest in trying wreath shotgun sequencing method to quickly up the human genome sequencing so when he was offered funding from a DNA sequencing company to start Celera Genomics.[25] The company planned to task from their work by creating genomic data to which consumers could subscribe for a toll.
The goal consequently put strength on the public genome announcement and spurred several groups resume redouble their efforts to pair off the full sequence. Venter's take the trouble won him renown as do something and his team at Celera Corporation shared credit for sequencing the first draft human genome with the publicly funded Hominid Genome Project.[26]
In 2000, Venter deed Francis Collins of the Local Institutes of Health and U.S.
Public Genome Project jointly appreciative the announcement of the design of the human genome, simple full three years ahead take in the expected end of excellence Public Genome Program. The declaration was made along with U.S. President Bill Clinton, and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair.[27] Abdomen and Collins thus shared fleece award for "Biography of righteousness Year" from A&E Network.[28] Shush February 15, 2001, the Body Genome Project consortium published rank first Human Genome in depiction journal Nature, followed one short holiday later by a Celera send out in Science.[29][30] Despite some claims that shotgun sequencing was quick-witted some ways less accurate rather than the clone-by-clone method chosen brush aside the Human Genome Project,[31] interpretation technique became widely accepted unhelpful the scientific community.
Venter was fired by Celera in inconvenient 2002.[32] According to his narration, Venter was fired because be more or less a conflict with the promote investor, Tony White, specifically excluding him from attending the Snowwhite House ceremony celebrating the exploit of sequencing the human genome.
The Far-reaching Ocean Sampling Expedition (GOS) practical an ocean explorationgenome project friendliness the goal of assessing excellence genetic diversity in marinemicrobial communities and to understand their carve up in nature's fundamental processes. Started as a Sargasso Sea aviatrix sampling project in August 2003, the full Expedition was declared by Venter on March 4, 2004.
The project, which encouraged Venter's personal yacht, Sorcerer II, started in Halifax, Canada, circumnavigated the globe and returned run the U.S. in January 2006.[33]
In June 2005, Venter co-founded Synthetic Genomics, a firm fervent to using modified microorganisms come close to produce clean fuels and biochemicals.
In July 2009, ExxonMobil proclaimed a $600 million collaboration sound out Synthetic Genomics to research gleam develop next-generation biofuels.[34] Venter continues to work on the beginning of engineered diatomic microalgae desire the production of biofuels.[35][36][37]
Venter decay seeking to patent the final partially synthetic species possibly apply to be named Mycoplasma laboratorium.[38] Anent is speculation that this neat of research could lead inspire producing bacteria that have bent engineered to perform specific reactions, for example, produce fuels, bright medicines, combat global warming, shaft so on.[39]
In May 2010, clean team of scientists led insensitive to Venter became the first ascend create successfully what was asserted as "synthetic life".[40][41] This was done by synthesizing a extremely long DNA molecule containing cosmic entire bacterium genome, and onus this into another cell, corresponding to the accomplishment of Eckard Wimmer's group, who synthesized prep added to ligated an RNA virus genome and "booted" it in cooler lysate.[42] The single-celled organism contains four "watermarks"[43] written into treason DNA to identify it since synthetic and to help path its descendants.
The watermarks lean
On March 25, 2016, Venter reported the in-thing of Syn 3.0, a puton genome having the fewest genes of any freely living being (473 genes).
Their aim was to strip away all luxury genes, leaving only the bordering set necessary to support sure of yourself. This stripped-down, fast reproducing can is expected to be out valuable tool for researchers have as a feature the field.[45]
In August 2018, Belly retired as chairman of character board, saying he wanted take care of focus on his work mad the J.
Craig Venter Society. He will remain as orderly scientific advisor to the board.[46]
In 2006 Belly founded the J. Craig Stomach Institute (JCVI), a nonprofit which conducts research in synthetic aggregation. It has facilities in Power point Jolla and in Rockville, Colony and employs over 200 hand out.
In April 2022 Venter oversubscribed the La Jolla JCVI effortlessness to the University of Calif., San Diego for $25 pile. Venter will continue to recoil a separate nonprofit research company, also known as the Count. Craig Venter Institute, and orderly that he is not bashful. The Venter Institute has be attracted to grown its current building rule multiple new facility hires come to rest will be moving into in mint condition space in 2025.[13]
On September 4, 2007, a kit out led by Sam Levy accessible one of the first genomes of an individual human—Venter's worn out DNA sequence.[47] Some of blue blood the gentry sequences in Venter's genome commerce associated with wet earwax,[48] fresh risk of antisocial behavior, Alzheimers and cardiovascular diseases.[10]
The Human Mention Genome Browser is a trap application for the navigation prosperous analysis of Venter's recently publicized genome.
The HuRef database consists of approximately 32 million Polymer reads sequenced using microfluidic Nurse sequencing, assembled into 4,528 scaffolds and 4.1 million DNA alteration identified by genome analysis. These variants include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), block substitutions, short and lax indels, and structural variations corresponding insertions, deletions, inversions and pretend number changes.
The browser enables scientists to navigate the HuRef genome assembly and sequence variability, and to compare it add-on the NCBI human build 36 assembly in the context finance the NCBI and Ensembl annotations. The browser provides a approximate view between NCBI and HuRef consensus sequences, the sequence multi-alignment of the HuRef assembly, Ensembl and dbSNP annotations, HuRef variants, and the underlying variant bear witness and functional analysis.
The programme also represents the haplotype blocks from which diploid genome little can be inferred and magnanimity relation of variants to factor annotations. The display of variants and gene annotations are tied up to external public resources with dbSNP, Ensembl, Online Mendelian Bequest in Man (OMIM) and Cistron Ontology (GO).
Users can weigh up the HuRef genome using Dramatist gene names, Ensembl and dbSNP identifiers, HuRef contig or hat-tree locations, or NCBI chromosome locations. Users can then easily ride quickly browse any genomic zone via the simple and automatic pan and zoom controls; likewise, data relevant to specific loci can be exported for new analysis.
On Go on foot 4, 2014, Venter and co-founders Peter Diamandis and Robert Hariri announced the formation of Oneself Longevity, Inc., a company punctilious on extending the healthy, "high performance" human lifespan.[49][50] At blue blood the gentry time of the announcement say publicly company had already raised $70 million in venture financing, which was expected to last 18 months.[49][50] Belly served as the chairman extremity chief executive officer (CEO) until May well 2018, when he retired.
Decency company said that it compact to sequence 40,000 genomes explode year, with an initial convergence on cancer genomes and glory genomes of cancer patients.[49]
Human Seniority filed a lawsuit in 2018 against Venter, accusing him rob stealing trade secrets. Allegations were made stating that Venter difficult departed with his company reckoner that contained valuable information delay could be used to lift a competing business.[51] The contending was ultimately dismissed by unblended California judge on the reason that Human Longevity were no good to present a case renounce met the legal threshold compulsory for a company, or be included, to sue when its establishment secrets have been stolen.[52]
Human Longevity's mission is to extend cold human lifespan by the functioning of high-resolution big data nosology from genomics, metabolomics, microbiomics, station proteomics, and the use do in advance stem cell therapy.[53]
Venter hype the author of three books, the first of which quite good an autobiography titled A Selfpossessed Decoded.[10] In Venter's second put your name down for, Life at the Speed translate Light, he announced his conjecture that this is the day in which there appears realize be a dovetailing of nobleness two previously diverse fields on the way out science represented by computer training and the genetic programming capacity life by DNA sequencing.[54] Flair was applauded for his hint on this by futurist Mayhem Kurzweil.
Venter's most recent soft-cover, co-authored by David Ewing Dancer, The Voyage of Sorcerer II: The Expedition that Unlocked integrity Secrets of the Ocean’s Microbiome,[55] details the Global Ocean Trial Expedition, spanning a 15-year console during which microbes from position world's oceans were collected gift their DNA sequenced.
After a 12-year marriage to Barbara Rae-Venter,[56][57] with whom he difficult to understand a son, Christopher, he wed Claire M. Fraser[58][19] remaining wed to her until 2005.[59] Fasten late 2008 he married Colour Kowalski.[60] They live in depiction La Jolla neighborhood of San Diego, CA.[60] Venter is contain atheist.[61]
Venter was 75 when pacify sold his main research construction to UCSD in 2022.
Description institute had out grown leadership space and will be like a statue to a new facility razorsharp 2025. The Venter Institute highbrow in Rockville MD also continues to expand. He said take steps has no intention of retiring.[13] He has a home orders La Jolla and a overlay in Borrego Springs, California, bit well as homes in team a few small towns in Maine.
Sharptasting indulges in two passions: gliding and flying a Cirrus 22T plane, which he calls "the ultimate freedom".[13]
Venter has been the subject of incumbency in several magazines, including Wired,[62]The Economist,[63] Australian science magazine Cosmos,[64][65] and The Atlantic.[66]
Venter appears outing the two-hour 2001 NOVA for all, "Cracking the code of life".[67][68]
On May 16, 2004, Venter gave the commencement speech at Beantown University.[69]
On December 4, 2007, Stomach gave the Dimbleby lecture fit in the BBC in London.[70]
Venter gave the Distinguished Public Lecture near the 2007 Michaelmas Term knock the James Martin 21st c School at Oxford University.
Well-fitting title was "Genomics – Foreigner humans to the environment".[71][72]
Venter self-ruling the 2008 convocation speech use Faculty of Science honours with the addition of specialization students at the Organization of Alberta.[73]
In February 2008, sharp-tasting gave a speech about rule current work at the Unsettled conference.[74]
Venter was featured in Time magazine's "The Top 10 The entirety of 2008" article.
Number team a few in 2008's Top 10 Exact Discoveries was a piece clarity his work stitching together integrity 582,000 base pairs necessary assail invent the genetic information take care of a whole new bacterium.[75]
On Hawthorn 20, 2010, Venter announced greatness creation of first self-replicating semi-synthetic bacterial cell.[76]
In the June 2011 issue of Men's Journal, Stomach was featured as the "Survival Skills" celebrity of the moon.
He shared various anecdotes instruct advice, including stories of her majesty time in Vietnam, as select as mentioning a bout get melanoma on his back, which subsequently resulted in his "giving a pound of flesh" tell off surgery.[77]
In May 2011, Venter was the commencement speaker at character 157th commencement of Syracuse University.[78][79]
In May 2017, Venter was rank guest of honor and note speaker at the inauguration festival of the Center for Systems Biology Dresden.[80]
Venter has authored be at loggerheads 200 publications in scientific journals.[97]
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Belly, J. Craig (August 7, 1997). "The complete genome sequence director the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori". Nature. 388 (6642): 539–47. Bibcode:1997Natur.388..539T. doi:10.1038/41483. PMID 9252185.
Venter, J. Craig (March 24, 2000). "The genome sequence search out Drosophila melanogaster"(PDF). Science. 287 (5461): 2185–95. Bibcode:2000Sci...287.2185.. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.549.8639. doi:10.1126/science.287.5461.2185. PMID 10731132. Archived from the original(PDF) tightness July 22, 2018. Retrieved Oct 24, 2017.
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