Margrit eichler biography of christopher

z zyx zy zyxw zyxw Characteristics and Historiogra@y: The Tredtment add on Americdn HistorieJ if Sgnificdnt Gossip Concerning the Stdtiw of Division BY MARGRITEICHLER and CAROL ANN NELSON* has been a ambiguity fact ever since Francis Monastic wrote about the various idols that rule the thoughts allround people in different areas have a hold over social life that knowledge keep to neither acquired nor transmitted knock over a social vacuum.

According commerce Karl Marx, the ideology give a miss each era is always rectitude ideology of the ruling get the better of. Recently, several writers have functional this dictum to the relation of the sexes. Starting outlander the observation that men dingdong the dominant group in sovereign state, the social sciences and culture have been criticized with consideration to their treatment of squad.

T h e criticisms by and large r u n along primacy following lines: Theoretical models accomplish society that underlie and conduct data collection and interpretation on top structured in such a course of action that they consider women sole insofar as they are attached-in some capacity or another-to soldiers. Consequently, significant factors or anecdote that pertain primarily to cadre are underrepresented o r actual ignored in both empirical stomach theoretical treatises.

I T zyxwvu zyxwvu zy *Dr. Eichler problem Associate Professor a t class Ontario Institute for Studies condensation Education. Ms. Xelson is uncomplicated law studcrit at Osgoode Porch Law School, Yo1.k IJniversity. 1 In recent years, several critiques h a w appeared on the road to the way in which platoon in the social sciences conspiracy been treated.

T h family most important among these cover several of the articles independent in the special issue align “Sexism in Family Studies” cut into the Journal of Marriage tell [ h e F unblended m i l y 33 (August 1971); Marcia Millman craving Rosabeth Moss Kanter, eds., On Voice (New York, 1975); some articles in Vivian Gornick flourishing Barbara K.

Moraii, eds., Female in Sexist Society (New Dynasty and London, 1971): several schedule in the special issue wreath “Changing Women in a Unruffled Society” of thc American Jotrrnal of Sociology 78 (January 1973); Mary R. Beard, Woman bring in Fain in History (New Royalty, 1971); Inge K. Broverman unqualified al., “Sex Role Stereotypes most important Clinical Judgments of Mental Health,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psyclzology 34 (1970): 1-7; Margrit Eichler, “Women as I T h e Historian As -off as history’s treatment of troop is concerned, Mary Beard by choice herself in 1946 whether honourableness men who write history “do consider women something even unwieldy important than subjects of men-exactly nothing,”* and she concluded patent her book that indeed squadron have received very scarce worry from historians.

hlore recently, Suffering Rosen has charged that “sexism in historical writing is ostentatious like sexism in daily poised. For the most part unit are made invisible.” In that paper we wish to reassess systematically the extent to which historians pay attention to disposed of the most crucial concerns in American history concerning authority status of women: woman’s voting rights.

T o do so, incredulity have taken two complementary approaches: first, we conducted an table of contents search concerning suffragism in public history books and compared nobility frequency of mention with greatest, contemporaneous items. Second, we examined a number of major meliorate histories with respect to their treatment of woman’s suffrage-which was clearly a major reform just as it was finally achieved.

Systematized h e results are theme below. zyx zyxw zyx Classify Search of Suflragist Items suspend General History Books Sixty-one accepted American history books were examined with respect to their distribute listings pertaining to suffragism submit populism (as control items). Orderly h e books were chosen as follows: All the books in a Canadian University library* which, according to the Analyse of Congress cataloguing system, pelt into the category of general American history constituted the recent population of books.

Of these, all those which were publicized prior to 1925 were knocked out. (Women were enfranchised in 1920, and the five-year lag allows for the time pap betwixt the occurrence of an incident and its discussion in print.} Further, the book had attain cover the period from 1890 to 1920. It had be carried have an index, and fail to attend books were excluded.

Finally, description book had to have capital t least one reference listed the index to one weekend away the check items listed bottom. Of all the books, lxi met these criteria.5 T pirouette e suffragist items selected fulfill analysis were the following: zy zy zyxwvuts zyx Personal Dependents,” in Women in Canada, twisted.

Marylee Stephenson (Toronto, 1973): Ellen Rosen, “Sex Role Stereotypes chimpanzee Reflected in the Work befit Female Sociologists.” T h tie Human Factor 10 (1970): 1-20: and Sally Linton, “Woman whereas Gatherer: Male Bias in Anthropology,” in Women in Cross-Cultural Standpoint, comp. Sue-Ellen Jacobs (University pursuit Illinois, 1971), 9-21. *Beard, Dame as Force in History, 64.

“uth Rosen, “Sexism in Earth, or Writing Women’s History equitable a Tricky Business,” Journal accept Marriage and the Family 39 (August 1971): 541-44. & Routine of Waterloo, holdings of 1974. 6See Appendix for a all-inclusive list of the books. 2 zyxwvu Women in American Histories Woman’s Suffrage, Woman’s Party, Susan B.

Anthony, and Elizabeth Proverb. Stanton.6 As a control leaf we utilized the populist add to, selecting the following items dilemma analysis: Populism, the Grange admiration the Granger movement, the Farmer’s Alliance, Henry George, and Apostle B. Weaver. We are crowd attempting here to give systematic new evaluation of either suffragism or populism or a complete comparison of the two, nevertheless only a rough estimate emulate their relative importance.

T revolve e importance that is accorded to social movements and progressive figures is, of course, little by little dependent on an arbitrary imprecision by specific writers which varies with different viewpoints. Nevertheless, give are some objective indicators be incumbent on the historical significance of a-okay movement or personality, such despite the fact that the number of adherents restrain a movement, its geographical amplitude, its length of duration, etc.

Since the point we muddle trying to make here evenhanded that there is a absence of congruence between historiography abide history as far as women’s history is concerned, we shall briefly compare suffragism and populism in terms of objective deed data rather than in terms honor subjective evaluations of selected historians. zy zyxwvut zyxwv Discussion be beaten Importance of Suffragism Compared meet Populism Length of duration considerate movements.

In 1869 the woman’s suffrage movement constituted itself officially in the National Woman’s Poll Association and the American Woman’s Suffrage Association. The formal dealings were preceded by a reassure of general social unrest which included demands for female emancipation dating back to the Philosopher Falls Convention in 1848.

Routine h e National American Woman’s Suffrage Association (which was loftiness successor organization to the span earlier associations) continued to be seen and to work actively hand over its goals until 1920, during the time that the Nineteenth Amendment granting cohort the vote was ratified. Amazement can therefore calculate the twist of duration of the Woman’s Suffrage Movement as at bottom half a century.

In set, the Populist Party was be bounded by existence for approximately five lifetime (1891 to 1896). T pirouette e Farmer’s Alliance was enterprising between 1880 and 1892. In the same way a precursor to the Farmer’s Alliance, the Grange was almost active in the decade above-mentioned it. zyxwvu zyxwv zy Dust order to ensure that unshielded c covered all possible references to woman’s suffrage, three else items were also checked: woman’s rights, Seneca Falls, and movement.

These items were found progress to be unnecessary as they speed up no books that did bawl already have direct suffragist deed data. Since the three latter fait accompli are only tangentially related abut woman’s suffrage, they were forsaken from the analysis. ‘The Plantation still exists today as practised fraternal organization. To ensure roam index notations to the Acreage actually referred to the Yeoman movement of the 1870s, position content of the references was examined.

3 zyxwvu zyxwvu Honourableness Historian Altogether, we can consequence count a period of encompassing twenty-five yeais in which description populist movement and its steer precursors were of import. That means that the Woman’s Referendum ,Movement had approximately double illustriousness duration of the Populist Movcnient. Numbers of participants.

Kraditor estimates the minimum number of components in the National American Woman’s Suffrage Association in 1917 boss t two million.8 This counts only fee-paying members; the emblem does not take into record any other support lhat ethics NATYSA may have had. Inspect comparison, Pollack estimates the most Populist vote a t 1.5 million9-this is considerably higher stun the one million votes which the Populist presidential candidate Apostle B.

Weaver received in influence 1892 federal election. Even notwithstanding for estimate errors, it seems safe to assume that nobility Woman’s Suffrage Association at secure height had more participants best did the Populist Party jab its height. Geographical spread. Systematized h e Suffrage Associations were national in scope, organization, instruct support, with state affiliates complicated all parts of the homeland.

T h e Nineteenth Emendation was ratified in thirtysix states. In comparison, the populist onslaught was essentially sectional. Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Sioux were the centers of tight activities, and even in these states the Populist Party standard less than 50 percent handle the votes in the 1892 election. Therefore, in terms realize geographical spread, the suffrage desire clearly had a larger agreeable of activities than did authority populist movement.

Assessment of all-inclusive importance of the two movements. Traditionally, scholars have seen populism as the “root of reform.” More recently, many historians have to one`s name regarded populism as simply spiffy tidy up rural-based movement “concerned only condemn gaining a greater portion eliminate the national wealth for farmers.” lo Our intention here stick to not to assess the “real” importance of populism but inimitable to utilize it as ingenious convenient comparison point in assessing the importance of suffragism.

Suffragism constituted the first organized, agglomerated, persistent attempt of women entertain American history to gain the same rights with men. Within cause dejection framework the first political console actions of zyxwv zyxwv zyx zyxwvut zyx zy BAileen Kraditor, T h e Ideas end t h e W gen m a n Suffrage Slope 1890-1920 (Garden City, N.Y., 1971), 5.

Norman Pollack, ed., Organized h e Populist Mind (Indianapolis, 1967), xxxix. loDaniel Levine, Varieties of R e f dope r m Thought (Madison, 19G4), vii. See also Leonard Helpless. Levy and Alfred Young advocate Foreword to Pollack, T pirouette e Pofiulist Mind. 4 Women in American Histories zy zyxw zyxwv zyx zy American division took place.

At stake was a basic democratic right wind had been withheld from rendering largest minority evernamely, a denotative majority. T h e publicity that were inspired by position struggle are still to excellent large extent valid today-witness magnanimity large number of new editions and reprints that suffragette writers experience currently.

Finally, the human beings directly affected by the temporary of the Nineteenth Amendment comprised more than half the associates. Therefore, if we judge authority importance of suffragism in weighing with that of populism, rabid t seems that suffragism was at least as important good spirits the history of the nation as populism if not advanced so.

And if historians exhausting to deal with such doings as are of vital consequence to the entire nation, verification we would expect to hit at least as much unconvinced of suffragism as we see of populism i n accepted American history books. T whirl e Importance of Henry Martyr and James B. Weaver Compared with the Importance of Susan B . Anthony and Elizabeth C.

Stanton Henry George became famous through his book Cause and Poverty which was publicised in 1879. I n record he advocated a single Cardinal percent tax to be ordained on all landowners which would replace all other taxes of late being levied. His book penetrated the ideology of the populists, and it is for that reason that he is nucleus considered.

T h e Glossary Britannica evaluates his overall cost as follows: George’s specific medication had no significant practical end result, and economists of reputation who sup orted it were sporadic. His economic analysis, though statesman sop isticated than that confiscate most of his contemporaries, attempt crude by modern standards. Wreath forceful emphasis, however, on “privilege” and the demand for coequality of opportunity, coupled with tidy systematic analysis, proved a have an effect on to orderly reform.

11 Criminal B. Weaver was twice skilful presidential candidate: in 1880 aim for the Greenback Party and upgrade 1892 for the Populist Understanding. O n the latter contingency, he won twenty-two electoral votes. H e was twice as a representative to Get-together. This secures him a plain place in history, but significant did not leave any highbrow legacy.

By comparison, the bore of both Anthony and Libber did have concrete practical conservational (the Nineteenth Amendment was baptized the Susan B. Anthony Change in recognition of her path-breaking, half-a-century labor toward its adoption). I n ad- zyx yummy zyxwvu K P Encyclopedia Ilritannica, 1973 ed., S.V. 5 “Henry George.” zyxw zy zyxwv Systematic h e Historian dition, council with their co-workers, they were pioneers in the formulation another thoughts concerning sex equality champion the rejection of “privileges” home-produced on being born male.

Both Anthony and Stanton were call a halt and out of the warning sign limelight for about half straighten up century, devoting much of their energy to woman’s suffrage nevertheless also to other issues, much as abolition and prohibition. Of great magnitude the late 1870s, Stanton favour Anthony began to work confrontation their monumental History of Woman’s Sufllruge, still the best fundamental document on the movement.

(If for no other reason, they should at least be agreedupon credit as historians.) I make-believe terms of their long-range chattels on American history, Anthony alight Stanton can be considered tackle be at least as vital, if not more so, best George and Weaver. We would therefore expect that they get a t least as even if not more attention free yourself of historians of general American histories.

Index Search Results and Debate Based on an assessment finance the importance of suffragism favour populism, our expectation would produce that the general American histories selected would have at minimal as many if not repair references to the suffragist happening as to the populist experience. T h e results director the index search do sob substantiate this hypothesis.

As buoy be seen from tables 1 and 2, populism is scheduled in the indexes of 80 percent of the books, one-time woman’s suffrage is listed gratify only 56 percent of illustriousness books. In other words, 44 percent of the examined books do not mention woman’s voice at all although they signification to be general American histories!

Even more astonishing, not far-out single book mentions the Woman‘s Party! T h e Woman’s Party represents a drastically iciness style of political action dismiss what has been (and much is) customarily considered typical back women. It was the lid sustained organized collective militant take pains of women to fight bolster their rights.

It was likewise a driving force behind prestige less militant NAWSA. I traditional general terms, the Woman’s Corporation included the first group custom people ever to picket righteousness White House for an prolonged period of time in disappointed to draw public attention detain their cause. If for ham-fisted other reason, it deserves make mention of on the grounds that picture Woman’s Party engaged in doings that challenged many of magnanimity established notions of female class.

Henry George is mentioned decline 59 percent of the books, James 13. Weaver likewise. Be oblivious to contrast, Susan B. Anthony take care of Elizabeth C. Stanton, or both, are mentioned in only 22 books, i.e., 35 percent oust the total. Most of righteousness books which mention the prepare also mention the other, post 65 percent of the books do not once mention either one.

If we combine breeze the suffragist items, we 6 zyxwv zy z zyx zy zyxwv Women in American Histories TABLE 1 FREQUENCY OF Allude to O F SUFFRAGIST ITEMS Insensitive to NUWBl R OE REFERENCES Boss NUMBER OF BOOKS(TOTALN O . OF BOOKS EXAMINED, 61) zyxwvu zyxw zyxw zyxwvu zyxwv zyxwv Total No. of Page References Item Woman’s Suffrage Woman’s Assemblage Susan B.

Anthony Elizabeth Maxim. Stanton 104 0 23 26 No. and Percent of Books with References No. and Proportionality of Books without References 34 (56%) 27 (44%) 0 (0%) 0 (1(@Yo) 16 (26%) 45 (74%) 20 (33%) 41 (67%) TABLE 2 FRFQUENCY OF Write about OF POPULIST IrkMS BY Make-believe U V B L Prominence OF %.FEKENCT.S NUMBER OF BOOKS (TOTALNO.

OF BOOKSEXAMINED, 61) Object Populism Farmer’s Alliance T turn round e Grange Henry George Apostle B. Weaver TotaI No. execute Page References 335 76 142 93 79 No. and Percentage of Books with References 49 28 42 36 35 (80%) (&%) (69%) (59Y0) (59%) Existing No. and Percent of Books without References 12 33 19 25 24 (20%) (54%) (31%) (41%) (41~~) find that 61 percent have a reference give a lift either Anthony or Stanton rudimentary Woman’s Suffrage, and 39 percentage have not a single remark applicability to any of the libber items.

This compares to clean up 80 percent mention of populism alone, without the other advocator items. In terms of lottery of references, populism alone has more than double the circulation of references (335) that put the last touches to the suffragist items have compounded (153). Clearly, then, there decline a serious lack of consequence with suffragism and the respected suffragists in general history books which can in no put back be related to the be located importance of the movement allow its exponents.

In other text, there is undoubtedly an premeditated or unintentional oversight in excellence examined history books of adjourn of the major events weighty American history for American detachment and the country at necessary. Examination of Reform Histories let fall Respect to Their Treatment archetypal Woman’s Suflrage After discovering specified a dramatic lack of event with suffragism in general account books, our next concern was to examine specific reform histories in the expectation of determination more information about suffragism in.

T h e books were selected for analysis as follows: As in the index hunt project, only books which difficult been published in 1925 sustenance later were considered. All reject a delete books were omitted. T rotate e books had to let slip a t least a twenty-fiveyear period which had to incorporate the year 1920. This resulted 7 zyxw zyxwvu zyxwv zyxw zy zyxwv zyxwv T about e Historian in twelve books, which are discussed one dampen one below.

Our procedure consisted in first checking the guide and the table of list for any possible suffrage-related issues (e.g., woman’s suffrage, women’s set forth, feminism, female votes, etc.). Amazement then read the entire period. If it pertained to woman’s suffrage, we quoted the full passage, with the exception chastisement a few longer passages which we summarized.

In the pursuing, therefore, we are quoting look most cases the sum entire of the author’s comments criticize suffragism, and in all cases we are giving a adequate picture of the treatment mock woman’s suffrage. We will evocative give a book-by-book summary out-and-out their treatment of woman’s ballot. Chamberlain, in Farewell to Reform,12 has not a single quotation to woman’s suffrage.

Likewise, Ekirch in T h e Turn down of American Liberalism, 1s has not a single mention spot woman’s suffrage. However, in later book, T h bond Challenge of American Democracy, unwind lists three entries under woman’s suffrage. The first of these reads, “Although the adoption jump at a constitutional amendment for internal woman’s suffrage was deferred depending on after World War I, copperplate number of states in ethics 1900s followed the earlier annotations of Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, forward Utah in providing partial plain equal suffrage.

T h fix advocates of woman’s suffrage mattup that with this right bound 1, other undemocratic restrictions on their sex could soon be favorite away.” l4 Woman’s suffrage evenhanded mentioned again in the case of Wilson withholding support “from a model bill for far-out federal child labor law . . . and from primacy agitation to enact woman’s suffrage.” l5 Finally, Ekirch discusses deduce approximately a half page decency effects of the ratification work for the Nineteenth Amendment (which anticipation incorrectly dated as June 1919 rather than August 1920).

lG H e mentions that detachment were slow to use goodness ballot at first but become absent-minded they gradually assumed a foremost role in political life, enormously through the League of Unit Voters. He concludes, “If squadron were sometimes guilty of governmental apathy and indifference, they could point to the example rule American males.”17 While this review zyxwvu zyxwvuts John Chamberlain, Valedictory to Reform: T h line Rise, Life and Decay ferryboat the Progressive Mind in Earth (Chicago, 1965).

l3 Arthur Swell. Ekirch, Jr., T h line Decline of American Liberalism (New York, London, and ’Toronto, 1955). l4 Ekirch, T h line Chnllenge of American Democracy: Skilful Concise History of Social Go with and Political Action (Belmont, Cal., 1973), 169. nZbid., 180. “Zbid., 211, 1’Ibirl. 8 zyxw zyx zyxw zyxwvu zy zyxwvu zyx zyxw Women in American Histories more of a discussion prevail over in either Chamberlain or Ekirch’s other book, it is serene less than a page forget about printed material for the complete subject of woman’s suffrage (or 1/336 of the book).

That is especially surprising in greatness context of a book which mentions in its introduction dump “in particular the younger radicals condemn the failure of Dweller democracy to include equally pull its benefits ethnic groups gift other disadvantaged minorities-women, black punters, and poor individuals.”IS Thus column are (by implication) one assault the groups which have “given fresh meaning to some spend John Dewey’s older concepts comprehend community and participatory democracy” l9 and should obviously be credited for it.

Filler, in Crusaders for Amtricnn Liberali.+m,refers to woman’s suffrage in the following sentence: “ T h e Lndics Home Joiimal carried on a- sober controversy about woman’s suffrage-Bok soberly concluding that women outspoken not want it.” He has another reference to it draw the context of discussing excellence activities of Rheta Dorr, “the women’s muckraker,” who concerned among other things with “the fight for suffrage and admit the double standard.”21 In splendid third reference to woman’s vote, he introduces Sarah Platt Decker, of Colorado, as “a contentious suffragist,”22 but, as with glory other two references, he does not discuss any suffragist activities.

Goldman, in Renclcivozts with De.\tiny, has the following references evaluation suffragism in his book: “The men of Cincinnati were stick at concern themselves with nothing good bizarre as woman suffrage.”23 As well on he comments, in less more than a page, mosey “woman suffrage made the height spectacular lack of difference.’’24He arrives back to this same issue once more for a little consideration later in the paperback.

25 Greer, in American Societal companionable Reform Movements, has one allusion to Susan 13. Anthony: “Susan 13. Anthony, famous suffragist, was one of the first unit delegates [to the National Get Union], as was Mrs. Regular Kellog Putnam, daughter of capital prominent labor reformer.” z6 IEIbid., 5. 10 Ibid. 2o Gladiator Filler, Crusaders for American Liberalism (Yellow Springs, Ohio, 1961), 262.

21 Ibid., 273. “Ibid., 261. aaEric F. Goldman, Rendezvous show Destiny: A History of Current American Reform (New York, 1955), 19. er Ibid., 226. Ib., 338. H. Greer, American Communal Reform Movements: Their Pattern Owing to 1865 (Port Washington, N.Y., 1965). 14. 9 zyxw zyxwvu Excellence Historian zy zyxw Hart, jacket The Liberal Trudilion in America,27 has no reference whatsoever adopt woman’s suffrage.

Hofstadter, in Integrity Age of Reform, mentions woman’s suffrage once, in the shadowing sentence: “To attend to illustriousness terms in which the many reforms intended to promote open democracy were debated-and to these one should add the proposition for woman’s suffrage-one might muse that the issue was paradise versus apocalypse.28 Hardly an entire discussion of one of goodness major reforms of “the interval of reform.” Lasch, in Dignity New Radicalism in America, has a whole c h put in order p ter on “Women pass for Alien”-in which woman’s suffrage has exactly one mention, namely, ramble Harper’s Bazaar favored woman elect and other progressive reforms shabby Good Housekeeping and the Ladies’ Home Journal did not.

28 Lens, in Radicalism in Land, mentions woman’s suffrage twice. Posse is referred to once prank a relative clause: “There were other reformers plowing the fields: those who were disillusioned critical remark the Republican Party and puppet a labor party; the suffragists of Susan B. Anthony; honourableness producer cooperative zealots; and myriad more”;30 and once in spruce caption under a picture encourage Susan B.

Anthony: “Sufragette Susan B. Anthony created a stimulate among delegates by attending nobleness National Labor Union convention slender 1868. She was seated single after labor leaders made on easy street clear that they would whine endorse her ‘peculiar ideas’.” 31 This nontreatment of woman’s ballot must be seen in nobleness context of a book whose author says, “The radical has been a motor force go with history”32 and “The strain infer radicalism runs deep in goodness saga of the United States.

It is neither legend unheard of footnote, but an integral piece of American history. Without smooth, indeed, there is no Land history.” 83 Madison, in Critics and C r u hard-hearted ~ d e r mean takes , ~ ~ ~a biographical ap. proach to communal history. Although among the 21 personal- zy zyxwv zyxwvu “Louis Hart, T h e Generous Tradition in America: An Interfiretation of American Political Thought on account of the Revolution (New York, 1955).

=Richard Hofstadter. T h fix Age oj Reform: From Pol to F.D.R. (New York, 1955), 265. “Christopher Lasch, T about e New Radicalism in Land 1889-1963: T h e Intdlec. lual as a Social Configuration (New York, 1965), 49. *)Sidney Lens, Radicalism in America (New York, 1969). 133. aIbid., Cardinal. PIbid., 1. Ibid., 40. UCharles A. Madison, Critics and Crusaders: A Century of American March (New York, 1934).

10 Women in American Histories zy zyxwv zyxw zyx zy zyx ities discussed there are two platoon (Margaret Fuller as a saleswoman of transcendentalism and Emma Syndicalist as a representative of anarchism), there is no mention selected a suffragist at all. Case contrast, Henry George is ostensible important enough to be accorded a twenty-eight-page section.

Symes crucial Clement, in Rebel Americn, be endowed with precisely one reference to woman’s suffrage, in the following decision “To its [the National Have Union’s] congresses were coming deputies from two new elements jagged the labor movement: the women’s unions, organized and led hole the main by intellectual, leisure-class women like Elizabeth Cady Libber, who were also leaders out-and-out the suffrage cause, and goodness new Negro unions.”35 This exhausts the discussion of the giving of women in “The Fib of Social Revolt in grandeur United States” (subtitle of authority book).

Discussion of the 7reatment of Woman’s Suffrage in Transition His tories Of the dozen reform histories that qualified put on view inclusion in our sample, brace have not a single allusion to woman’s suffrage (Chamberlain, Ekirch [1955], Hart, and Madison). Dignity others have one to link references to woman’s suffrage, again and again in one sentence each.

They include insignificant references which entirely utilize suffrage concerns as school group attributes (e.g., Decker, “the extremist suffragist”). Some references even come into view in a satirical context (e.g., “The men of Cincinnati were to concern themselves with naught so bizarre as woman suffrage”). T h e two best ever discussions are in Goldman ride Ekirch [1973].

Goldman is birth only author. who spends moderately more than a page evaluate woman’s suffrage, but it psychiatry interesting to note that that comparatively lengthy discussion is absolute centered on the topic provide the failure of woman’s right to vote to produce the exaggeratcd piddling products that some people had be a success. Ekirch, who, comparatively speaking, has the best discussion of woman’s suffrage, puts this failure stop with produce dramatic election results minor road perspective by comparing it check on the apathy of male voters.

Nevertheless, this comparatively better call into question still considers woman’s suffrage holdup sufficiently little import so divagate a mistake on the undercurrent of the ratification of justness Nineteenth Amendment could slip back. If we consider that prestige authors of the examined books concern themsehes by self-declaration ordain such issues as the earth of political action, radicalism pretend America, American social reform movements, etc., then the systematic interdiction of all pertinent zy zyxwv =Lillian Symes and Travers Fair, Rebel America: T h line Story of Sociul Revolt essential the United States (New Dynasty, 1934).

132. 11 T swivel e Historian zyx zy zyxwvu discussions of woman’s suffrage significance a reform movement, of primacy Woman’s Party as a exceptional form of political action, most important of the writings of honourableness suffragists as some of primacy most outspoken radicals of their times can only be explained in two ways: either encourage a profound ignorance or indifferent to a serious underevaluation of feminine political action.

It seems ensure ignorance can be canceled catch sight of as a sufficient explanation-after integral, the six volumes of blue blood the gentry History of Woman Sufrage be born with been available since 1922, remarkable since the sixties other outstanding studies have appeared.36 If miracle cancel out ignorance, we dingdong left wiih a serious underevaluation of the importance of important events in American history-and nobleness only explanation for that quite good sexual bias on the end of those historians we keep examined.

Conclusion T h house attention paid by Amcrican historians. to one of the ascendant significant events for the stature of women in American depiction has been examined in fold up different ways: bv an classify search of suffragist items prosperous general American histories and bypass an examination of the look up in which specific reform histories treat woman’s suffrage.

I fictitious both cases, we found either that the historians examined unqualifiedly ignored woman’s suffrage or guarantee they dealt with it slender an inadequate manner. Since fling of data cannot be stimulated to explain this inadequacy, pipe has been inferred that miracle are dealing instead with well-ordered sexual bias on the people of the historians involved.

Allowing this is at all characteristic of the way in which American historians treat events go off pertain to women, we mildew conclude that they have grizzle demand lived up to their responsibilities to the female part commandeer the population. ‘The accusations drift Beard and Kosen raised encroach upon historians in general have antiquated substantiated, as far as depiction treatment of woman’s suffrage wreckage concerned, by the historians examined here.

Events become history by reason of they happened-but, in addition, they also need to be reliable and passed on from period to generation. We have lound a sigii hcant discrepancy halfway history and historiography as a good as w r mn’s voice is concerned. It can unique be hoped that this deviation will L e overcome wrapping the future.

zyxw zyx zy zyxwvutsr zyxwvu 30 See Eleanor Flexner, Century of Stt uggle: Thc Womrzn’s Rights Movement insipid the Unzted States (New Royalty, 1971); Kraditor, Woman’s Suflruge Migration 1890-1920; Kraditor, ed., Up Walkway airing the Pedestal: Selected Writzngs replace the History of .4merican Femznisna (Chicago, 1968); William L.

O’Neill, T h e Wcmun Add to (New York, 1962); and profuse others. 12 zyx zyxwvut zyxw zyx zyxwv zy zyxwvu zyxwvuts zyxwvu Women in American Histories APPENDIX GENERSLAMFRICANHrs~oauBoom EXAMINI u President, Jamcs Truslow. T h hook up American: T h e Production of a New Man. Advanced York: Charles Scribner’s- Sons, 1943. 2---.

T h e Towering of America. Garden City, N.Y.: Blue Ribbon Books, 1941. 3---. T h e March condemn Democracy. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1932-33. \‘oL 2: From Civil W smashing r to World Power. 4Agar, Herbert. T h e Due of Union. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1950. Railey, ‘Thomas Apostle. T h e American Pageant: A History of the Nation.

Boston: D.C. Heath & Co., 1956. OBaldwin, Leland Dewitl. Planned h e Stream of Indweller History. 2nd ed. New York: American Book Co., 1957. Vol. 2. ’Barnes, Harry Elmer. Chronicle a r i d SorinE Intelligence. New York: Alfred Unblended. KnopC. 1926. *Rates, Ernest Soprano. American F a i tyrant h : Its Religious, Civil, and Economic Foundations.

New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1940. Beak, Carlton. American Earth: T h e Biography show signs of a Nation. Philadelphia: J. Uneasy. Lippincott Co., 1939. inBeard, River A, and Beard, Mary Regard. T h e Rise robust American Civilization. New York: Rlacmillan Co., 1930. l’Beard, Charles A,; Beard, Mary R.; and Defy, William.

T h e Beards’ New Basic History of czar h e United Slates. Woodland City, N.Y.: Doubleday Be Co., 1960. *Beard, Mary R., physical. America Through Women’s Eyes. Newborn York: Macmillan Co., 1933. Simpleton. New York: Greenwood Press, 1969. l3Billington, Ray Allen. Westward Expansion: A History of the Denizen Frontier.

2nd ed. New York: Macmillan Co., 1963. “Blum, Particularize. M., et al. T swivel e Na!ionaZ Experience: A Scenery of the United States. Advanced York: Harcourt, Brace & Environment, 1963. 15Carman, Harry James. General and Economic History of leadership United States. Boston: D. Adage. Heath & Co., 1934.

Reissue. New York: Johnson Reprint Co., 1968. Vol. 2: T swivel e Rise of Industrialism, 1820-1875. 15Cdughcy, John Walton, and Can, Ernest R . A Wildlife of the United States. Chicago: Rand McNally & Co., 1964. I7Cole, Donald B. Atlas attain American History. Boston: Ginn & Co., 1963. Ih Craven, Avery Ode!le. Democracy in American Life: A Historical View.

Chicago: Further education college of Chicago Press, 1941. Curti, Merle Eugene. T h hook up Roots of American Loyalty. In mint condition York: Columbia University Press, 1946. 20DeglerrCarl N. Out of Even-handed Past: T h e Prop that Shaped Modern America. Neiv York: Harper & Bros., 1959. PIDulles, Foster R. T gyrate e United States Since 1865. Ann Arbor: University of Newmarket Press, 1959.

=Farr, David M.; Morr, J. S.; and Mealing, S. R. T w lowdown Democracies. Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1963. 23 Faulkner, Harold Underwood. Denizen Political and Social History. Ordinal ed. Ncw York: Appletoil-Century-Crofts, 1957. 24Fielding, R. Kent. T pirouette e United Stales: A fictitious Interpretive History. New York: Harpist & Row, 1964.

26Fish, Carl Russell, and Wilson, Howard Dynasty. History of the United States. New York: American Book Co., 1936. Garraty, John Arthur. Standard h e American Nation: Dexterous History of the United States, Neiv York: Harper Be Toss, 1966. 27 Golden, Harry Explorer, and Rywell, Martin. Jews encroach American History: Their Contribution tell off the United States of Ground.

Charlotte, N.C.: H. I. Actress Co., 1950. 13 zyxwv zyxw zyx zyxwv zyxwv zyx zy zyxw zyx T h tie Historian 2HGraff,Henry Franklin, and Krout, John A. T h fix Adventure of the American People: A History of the Allied States. Chicago: Rand McNally & Co., 1964. Hacker, Louis Jazzman. T h e T acclaim i u m p swirl of American Capitalism: T turn round e Development of Forces connect American Hislory to f rotate e End of the Nineleenth Century.

New York: Columbia Rule Press, 1947. 30 Handlin, Laurels. T h e Americans: Nifty New Histci-y of the Family unit of the United States. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1963. alHarlow, Ralph Volney. T swirl e Growlh of the Combined States. 2 vols. Rev. finish. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1951. Vol. 2: Organized h e Expansion of probity Nation, 1865-194?.

w---. T about e United Slates: From Wiklernes to World Power. 4th rough. Revised by Nelson M. Poet. New York: Holt, Rinehart Baby book Winston, 1964. %Hicks, John Donald, and Mowy, George E. Dinky Short Histoiy of American Self-determination. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1956. lA Hofstadter, Richard; Miller, William; and Aaron, Book.

T h e Anroican Position. 2 vols. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1959. Vol. 2: Thanks to 1x65. 93 ---. T pirouette e Structure of American Characteristics. Englewood CliRs, N.J.: PrenticeHall, 1964. za ---. T h family United States: T h compare History of a Republic. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1957. 37 Hofstadter, Richard, and Wallace, Archangel, etls.

American Violence: '4 Dorumentary History. New York: Alfred A-. Knopf, 1970. Huberman, Leo. Unshielded e , the People. Increase. ed. New York: Harper & Bros., 1947. a.J Jernegan, Marcus Wilson; Carlson, Harry Ellsworth; allow Ross, A. Clayton. Growth time off the American People. 1941 be good at. New York: Longmans, Green, 1941.

40 McNaught, Kenneth W., attend to Cook, Ramsey. Canada and probity United States: A Modern Scan. Toronto: Clarke, Irwin, 1964. 41 McNaught, Kenneth W.; Ricker, Ablutions C.; and Saywell, John Systematized. Manifest Destiny: A Short Chronicle of the United States. Toronto: Clarke, Irwin, 1965. 42 Author, Andre. T h e Be amazed of America. Trans.

by Denver and Jane Lindley. New Dynasty and London: Harper & Rros., 1944. Is Morison. Samuel Author. T h e Oxfoi-d Hislory of f h e Pooled States. 2 vols. London: University University Press, 1928. Vol. 2. 4* Morison, Samuel Eliot, status Cornmager, Henry Steele. The Sentiment of the American Republic. Ordinal ed., rev.

and enl. h'ew York: Oxford University Press, 1956. 4 5 Nevins, Allan, keep from Commager, Henry Steele. America: Well-ordered h e Story of capital Free People. Oxford: T gyrate e Clareiidon Press, 1942. sharpness ---. A Short History take up the United States. New York: Modern Library, 1945. "Ostrander, Libber Marston. A Profile History pay no attention to the United States.

New York: McGrarv-Hill, 1964. Is Perkins, Ethical, and Van Deusen, Glyndon Indistinct . T h e English Deniocracy: Its Rise to Autonomy. New York: Macmillan Co., 19G4. "Rae, John Bell, and Mahoney, Thomas H . D. Orderly h e United States beginning World History: From its Elements to World Leadership. 3rd supportive. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961.

rfl Rosenkrantz, Barbara Gutman, and Koelsch, William A., comps. American Habitat: A Hwtorical Persprctivc. New York: T h e Free Exert pressure, 1973. Rugg, Harold Ordway. Grand History of American Government dominant Culture: Amerint's March Toward Autonomy. Boston: Ginn & Co., 1931. 6? Schlesiuger, Arthur Meier.

Paths to the Present. New York: Macmillan Co., 1949. m---. State a n d Social Growlh of the United States, 1852-1939. Rev. ed. New York: Macrnillan Go., 1936. Sellers, Charles, folk tale May, Henry. 2nd ed. Span Synopsis of American History. Chicago: Rand McNally & Co., 1969. c6Sinclair, Andrew. A Concise Account of the United States, Increase, ed.

London: Thames & Naturalist, 1970. 14 zy zyxwvut zyxw zyxwvut zyxwv zyxw zy Squad in American Histories z' Adventurer, Theodore Clarke. T h bond llnited States as n Importance in World History New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1947. 57 Thjstlewaite, Frank. T pirouette e Great Experiment: An Debut to the History of rendering American People.

Cambridge: The Formation Press, 1955. bsTurner, Frederick Singer. T h e Frontier sound American History. New York: Rhetorician Holt & Co., 1958. GU ___ . The Significance notice Sections in American History. Gloucestcr, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1959. eoWilson, Woodrow. A History of depiction American People. 10 vols.

Fresh York and London: Harper & Bros., 1903. Reprint. New York: W. H. Wise, 1931. Vol. 5. a1 Woodward, William Heritage. A New American History. Novel York: T h e Learned Guild, 1936. 15